National Gallery of Art :: The Collection :: A Lady in Her Bath
  • Overview
  • Inscription
  • Provenance
  • Exhibition History
  • Bibliography

Overview

François Clouet, the son of a Netherlandish artist, became court painter to the French kings Francis I, Henry II and Charles IX. In this Renaissance portrait Clouet has depicted a female nude, whose identity is unknown, at her bath. The bather is seated in her tub, which is lined with a white cloth and hung on both sides with regal crimson curtains to ward off the cold. Her left hand draws back the bath sheet revealing the artist's name inscribed below, while her right hand rests on a covered board that displays a sumptuously rendered still life. Slightly behind the bather a young boy reaches for some grapes as a smiling wet nurse suckles a baby. In the background, a maid is seen holding a metal pitcher of bath water as more water is heated in the fireplace. The allusion is to a happy, healthy home.

The masklike symmetry of the bather's face makes exact identification difficult; scholars have suggested that her aristocratic features indicate that she is one of several royal mistresses, most notable among them Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of Henry II. It is possible that the nude, a Venus type, represents ideal beauty rather than a specific individual. The contrast of the smoothly rendered nude figure to the intricate surface details of the fruit, draperies, and jewelry, presents a union of Flemish and Italian motifs that characterized French courtly art of the sixteenth century.

Inscription

lower center on edge of bathtub: FR.IANETII.OPVS

Marks and Labels

null

Provenance

Sir Richard Frederick, 6th bt. [1780-1873], Burwood Park, Walton-on-Thames, Surry; (his estate sale, Christie, Manson & Woods, London, 7 February 1874, no. 83, as Portrait of Diane de Poictiers[sic] by Fr. Janetii); purchased by Thibeaudeau,[1] presumably acting as agent for Sir John Charles Robinson [1824-1913], London; purchased 1874 by Sir Francis Cook, 1st bt. [1817-1901], Doughty House, Richmond, Surrey;[2] by inheritance to his son, Sir Frederick Lucas Cook, 2nd bt. [1844-1920], Doughty House; by inheritance to his son, Herbert Frederick Cook, 3rd bt. [1868-1939], Doughty House; by inheritance to his son, Sir Francis Ferdinand Maurice Cook, 4th bt. [1907-1978], Doughty House, and Cothay Manor, Somerset; sold July 1954 to (Margaret Drey, London);[3] (Rosenberg and Stiebel, New York);[4] purchased May 1955 by the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, New York;[5] gift 1961 to NGA.

[1] Annotation accompanying the copy of the catalogue in the archives of Christie, Manson & Woods, London.

[2] Maurice Brockwell, Catalogue of the Pictures at Doughty House, Richmond, and Elsewhere in the Collection of Sir Frederick Cook, Bt., 3 vols., London, 1913-1915: 3:no. 426, states that the painting was purchased from J. Charles Robinson in 1874 for 350 pounds. An annotation, probably by Brockwell, in a copy of the 1915 Cook collection catalogue belonging to Brenda, Lady Cook (St. Brelade, Jersey, England), reads: "Bought from or per JCR 11/2/1874." Lady Cook kindly showed this annotation to Elon Danziger, assistant in the department of northern Renaissance painting, in 2001. Brockwell 1932, vi, observes that Robinson, who had been Surveyor of the Pictures for Queen Victoria, often advised Cook on purchases. In this instance he may have acted as agent.

[3] Correspondence from the Cook Collection Archive, in care of John Somerville, England, copies in NGA curatorial file.

[4] Saemy Rosenberg, letter to William Suida, 11 May 1955, in NGA curatorial files.

[5] The record of the agreement to purchase the painting is in the Kress Foundation files, dated 9 May 1955 (copy in NGA curatorial files).

Exhibition History

1894
Fair Women [Summer Exhibition], Grafton Galleries, London, 1894, no. 20, as Portrait of Diane de Poitiers, Duchesse de Valentinois.
1904
Exposition des primitifs français, Palais du Louvre and Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1904, no. 226, as Portrait d'une dame au bain by François Quesnel?
1911
Exhibition of Old Masters in Aid of the National Art Collections Fund, Grafton Galleries, London, 1911, no. 85, repro. as Portrait of Diane de Poitiers.
1932
Exhibition of French Art 1200-1900, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1932, no. 53, repro., as Dame au Bain.
1944
Masterpieces from the Cook Collection, Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio, 1944-1945, no. 426, repro., as Portrait of Diane de Poitiers.
1947
Loan for display with permanent collection, The Fitzwilliam Museum, Univerity of Cambridge, England, 1947-1954.

Bibliography

1903
Cook, Francis. Abridged Catalogue of the Pictures at Doughty House, Richmond. London, 1903: 6, no 14.
1904
Dimier, Louis. Le Portrait du XVIe siècle aux primitifs français. Notes et corrections au catalogue officiel sur cette partie de l'exposition d'avril-juillet 1904. Paris, 1904: 23-25.
1904
Durand-Gréville, Emile. "The Sixteenth Century at the Exhibition of French Primitives." The Burlington Magazine 6, no. 20 (November 1904):155, no. 226, repro.
1904
Lafenestre, Georges. “L’exposition des primitifs français.” Gazette des Beaux-Arts 3é pér. 32 (1904): 138-139, repro. (As “by François Quesnel?”)
1905
Reinach, Salomon. Répertoire de peintures du Moyen Age et de la Renaissance (1280-1580). 6 vols., 1905-1923. Paris, 1922: 5:36, fig. 2.
1907
Dimier, Louis. "Clouet, François." In Thieme-Becker 37 vols. 1907-1950. Leipzig, 1912: 7:117-118.
1915
Brockwell, Maurice W. A Catalogue of the Paintings at Doughty House, Richmond, & Elsewhere in the Collection of Sir Frederick Cook, Bt, Visconde de Monserrate. 3 vols. London, 1915: 3:44-45, no. 426, repro.
1920
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1924
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1926
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1929
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1929
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1937
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1937
Taylor, Francis Henry. "La Belle Diane: Two Portraits of the French Renaissance." Worcester Art Museum Annual 3 (1937-1938): 49.
1939
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1956
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1957
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1957
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1959
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1959
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1961
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1961
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1961
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1962
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1962
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1963
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1963
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1963
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1964
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1964
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1965
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1965
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1966
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1966
Chastel, André. "Diane de Poitiers: 'L'Eros de la beauté froide'." In Friendship's Garland: Essays Presented to Mario Praz on his Seventieth Birthday. Rome, 1966: 1:101, fig. 1. (Reprinted in Fables, Formes, Figures, Paris, 1978: 1: 269-270, repro.)
1966
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1966
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1967
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1968
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1968
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1969
Gebelin François. L’époque Henri IV et Louis XIII. Paris, 1969: 179.
1970
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1970
Châtelet, Albert, François-Georges Pariset and Raoul de Broglio. Chantilly, Musée Condé: Peintures de l'Ecole française. Paris, 1970: under no. 75.
1970
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1970
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1972
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1972
Johnson, W. McAllister. "L'Ecole de Fontainebleau: The Paintings." La Chronique des Arts, Supplément à la Gazette des Beaux-Arts 6e pér, 150 no. 81 (January 1972): 42, fig. 42.
1972
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1972
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1972
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1973
Fontainebleau: Art in France 1528-1610. Exh. cat. Ottowa, National Gallery of Canada, 1973. 2 vols. Ottowa, 1973: 2:39.
1974
Rich, Daniel Catton. "French School." In European Paintings in the Collection of the Worcester Art Museum, edited by Louisa Dresser. 2 vols. Worcester, 1974: 1:242, under no. 1932.23.
1975
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1976
Bunch, Fredrick. "Diane de Poitiers: Iconography as a Window on History." In College Art Association Abstracts of Papers Delivered in Art History Sessions, "Northern Art at the End of the Middle Ages." Chicago, February 1-4, 1976, 64th annual meeting. Chicago, 1976: 101.
1976
Risatti, Howard. "A French Court Portrait." Bulletin of the Krannert Art Museum 2 (1976): 18, 20, fig. 8.
1977
Eisler, Colin. Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection: European Schools Excluding Italian. Oxford, 1977: 253-257, figs. 241-243, as Lady Bathing with Children and Attendants.
1977
Pope-Hennessy, John. "Completing the Account." Review of Colin Eisler, Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection, London 1977. Times Literary Supplement no. 3927 (17 June 1977).
1978
Branshaw, Lilian and Dorothy M. Jones. "Luxury, Love, and Charity: Four Paintings from the School of Fontainebleau." Australian Journal of Art 3 (1978): 39-40, 43-45, 47-49, 53-57, repro.
1978
Brown, David Alan, and Konrad Oberhuber. "Monna Vanna and Fornarina: Leonardo and Raphael in Rome." In Essays Presented to Myron P. Gilmore. 2 vols. Florence, 1978: 1:37.
1978
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1979
Chastel, André. Fables, formes, figures. 2 vols. Paris, 1978: 1:269-270, repro.
1979
Watson, Ross. National Gallery of Art. London, 1979: 60, pl. 42, color repro.
1980
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1984
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1984
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1985
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1985
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1987
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1987
Lawner, Lynne. Lives of the Courtesans: Portraits of the Renaissance. New York, 1987: 159-160, 208, nt. 40, repro.
1990
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1991
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1992
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1992
Grèce, Michel de. Portrait et seduction. Paris, 1992: 164-165, repro.
1992
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1992
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1992
Romm, Sharon. The Changing Face of Beauty. St. Louis, 1992: 209, repro.
1993
Kurzel-Runtscheiner, Monica. Glanzvolles Elend: Die Inventare der Herzogin Jacobe von Jüglich-Kleve-Berg (1558-1597) und die Bedeutung von Luxusgüttern für die höfische Frau des 16. Jahrhunderts. Vienna, 1993: fig. 60.
1994
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1994
Sewell, Brian. "Lesbian Images." Antique International 8 (Summer 1994): 646-648, repro.
1996
Berstein, Serge, et al. Histoire seconde. Paris, 1996: 165, no. 18, repro.
1996
Knab, Eckhart. “Clouet.” In The Dictionary of Art. 34 vols. London, 1996: 7:465, repro.
1996
Mori Yoko, Wakakuwa Midori. Manierisumu. New History of World Art series, 1992-1997, vol. 15. Tokyo, 1996: 390, fig. 82.
1996
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1997
Jollet, Etienne. Jean & François Clouet. Paris, 1997: 266-267, 272-273, repro.
1998
Apostolos-Cappadona, Diana. “Toilet Scenes." In Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art. Edited by Helene E. Roberts. 2 vols. Chicago, 1998: 2:873.
1998
Cécile Scaillierez. “Clouet, François.” In Allgemeines Künstler-Lexicon: Die bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker. München, Leipzig, 1998: 19:595, 596.
1998
Yūkō Shuppan. Seiyō kaiga 300-sen. Tokyo, 1998: 162, repro.
1999
Smeyers, Jos and Maurits Smeyers. Misschein het tedere begrijpen: Dicter bij kunst. Leuven, 1999: 45, repro.
2000
Brauchitsch, Boris von. Renaissance - Das 16. Jahrhundert: Galerie der grossen Meister. Text by Ulrich Pfisterer and Anna Rühl. Cologne, 2000: 146-147, color repro.
2004
Danziger, Elon. "The Cook Collection: Its Founder and Its Inheritors." The Burlington Magazine 146, no. 1216 (July 2004): 448.
2004
Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 116-117, no. 89, color repro.
2004
Ruby, Sigrid. "Das Porträt der schönen Frau bei François Clouet and Pierre de Ronsard.” In (En)gendered: Frühneuzeitlicher Kunstdiskurs und weibliche Porträtkultur nördlich der Alpen, edited by Simone Rogendord and Sigrid Ruby. Marburg, 2004: 71-74, 79-86, repro.
2005
Fehy, Everett, ed. The Wrightsman Pictures. New Haven, 2005: 21.
2005
The Arts of France from François Ier to Napoléon Ier: A Centennial Celebration of Wildenstein's Presence in New York. Exh. cat. Wildenstein & Co., Inc., New York, 2005: 99-100, fig. 10b (Not in the exhibition).
2005
Richard, Paul. "From the Collection: Washington's Prized Possessions." Washington Post (December 18, 2005): N8, color repro.
2007
Ruby, Sigrid. “Diane de Poitiers: veuve et favorite.” In Patronnes et mecènes en France à la Renaissance, edited by Kathleen Wilson-Chevalier with Eugene Pascal. Saint-Étienne, 2007: 382, nt. 5.
2009
Fagnard, Laure. Léonard de Vinci en France: collections et collectionneurs (XVème – XVIIème siècles). Rome: Bretschneider, 2009: 70, 128, 393, fig. 24a.
2009
Hand, John Oliver. "A Lady in Her Bath." In French Paintings of the Fifteenth through the Eighteenth Century by Philip Conisbee et al. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, 2009: 115-122, no. 23, color repro.
2012
Christie's New York. "School of Fontainbleau, circa 1600: Gabrielle d'Estrés and Her Sister, the Duchess of Villars." In The Art of France, sale code "Honore 2625" (January 25, 2012): 12, under lot 103.

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