Welcome our inaugural Storyteller in Residence, Wendy MacNaughton!
Wendy is the creator of DrawTogether, a community that spreads joy and delight, all while learning about artists’ processes and stories. For the next three weeks, follow her journey through the National Gallery’s collection. Discover the artists who inspired her and delve into their works. Then channel that inspiration: connect with art through Wendy’s drawing activity and creative community.
Get your pencils and paper ready, we’re drawing with Wendy!
Hello creative humans! Wendy here. So happy to join you for this DrawTogether x National Gallery of Art adventure.
We’re starting off this series with a work of art very near and dear to my heart. It was made not far from the area where I grew up, and it’s endlessly inspiring and outrageous. That work is by installation artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude.
I worked with the team in the National Gallery’s department of modern prints and drawings, especially Caitlin Brague and Angélica Becerra. I asked them if they would pull from the archives Christo’s GIANT sketch for the couple's 24.5 mile long installation Running Fence.
They said yes.
Christo and Jeanne-Claude The idea for all our projects, not only Running Fence, starts with sketches.
–Christo
Christo (born Christo Javacheff) and Jeanne-Claude (Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon) rarely do anything small. As both artists and people, they dream BIG.
They were born on the same day in 1935: Jeanne-Claude in Morocco, Christo in Bulgaria. The pair met when Christo was commissioned to paint a portrait of Jeanne-Claude’s mother. Despite being from two very different worlds, they fell madly in love. Within a year, Christo had abandoned his painting, and they were making large scale installations together.
They didn’t have a lot of money, but that didn’t stop them from dreaming BIG. They used materials they found on the street, like empty oil cans. And they used their chutzpah, ignoring rules (as well as laws) to create installations that caught the art world’s attention.
Their first public work together was Wall of Barrels—The Iron Curtain. To make it, they piled empty oil barrels between two buildings, completely blocking a street for eight hours. The two were almost arrested, but the work resonated with the public and got a lot of coverage. It set a course for their large-scale, conceptual interventions.
Their ideas, dreams, and projects only got bigger from there.
Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Wrapped Reichstag, Berlin, 1971-1995, 1995, color photograph by Wolfgang Volz mounted on aluminum panel, Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection, 2001.9.22
They were interested in creating a daring aesthetic experience for people: imagining the impossible, then bringing it to life. And always in the face of challenges.
The work of art is a scream of freedom.
—Christo
For example, their projects weren’t cheap. And in the true screaming spirit of freedom, Christo and Jeanne-Claude refused to work with patrons or public funding. They had to pay for it all themselves. (We’re talking many millions of dollars.)
So they created a unique, smart business model: Christo made and sold preparatory drawings to pay for each project.
It’s like Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s twist on “if you build it, they will come” from Field of Dreams: “If you draw it, you can pay for it.”
Below is a drawing for a work called Surrounded Islands. In 1983, Christo and Jeanne-Claude surrounded islands in Miami with pink fabric. The installation only lasted two weeks. The drawings that he created to prepare for and fund the project, however, still remain.
Christo, Surrounded Islands, Project for Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, Florida, 1983, graphite, charcoal, pastel, wax crayon, enamel paint, aerial photograph by Wolfgang Volz, and fabric sample, on two sheets of paper in two parts, Gift of a Private Collector in honor of Dorothy and Herbert Vogel, 2001.2.11.a-b
The drawing includes a color swatch of the fabric, an annotated map of the location, and a tight sketch for the finished piece.
The sketch and the finished artwork represent two stages of dreaming for Christo and Jeanne-Claude. They called these their “software and hardware periods.” During the software stage of creating, they would imagine and prepare. Hardware was the physical execution stage—what I call “production.”
This brings us to Running Fence—one of the duo’s most tremendous accomplishments in both its software and hardware stages.
Christo, Running Fence, Project for Sonoma and Marin Counties, State of California, 1976, graphite, charcoal, wax crayon, pastel, printed topographic contour map, and technical data, on two sheets of paper in two parts, Gift of a Private Collector in honor of Dorothy and Herbert Vogel, 2001.2.10.a-b
Creating Running Fence
In 1972, Christo and Jeanne-Claude began a 3.5 year effort imagining, planning, and creating the project Running Fence. This 18 foot tall, 24.5 mile long fabric fence that ran from Petaluma, California, right into the Pacific Ocean. It was on display for two weeks in September, 1976.
The project cost more than $2 million dollars at the time. (Adjusted for inflation, that’s upwards of $11 million dollars today.) And the artists paid for it by selling preparatory drawings that Christo made for the project (like the one above.)
The drawing I saw is HUGE, nearly 5 by 8 feet. It’s in the National Gallery’s permanent collection, thanks to the generous gift in honor of New York-based collectors Herbert and Dorothy Vogel (who are stories unto themselves.) It is a tremendous example of Christo’s preparatory drawings.
It consists of four panels framed in plexiglass. Each panel contains a tightly rendered sketch, a long map illustrating how the fence would wind across the land and into the ocean, and color (and maybe fabric) swatches of the proposed fence materials.
A little expertise from Caitlin Brague:
Christo and his partner Jeanne-Claude document and conceive of, and fundraise and install the project themselves. . . One way to acquire the funding is to get environmental impact reports and all the materials and all the crew that needed for something like this, they’ll make [drawings] and then sell them and they can use the profits from the drawings to fund their next project.
So these are both preparatory drawings and also finished drawings.
Winning community support
Not only did these drawings pay for the project but they also helped capture the imagination of hundreds of people. To make the project happen, the artists needed members of environmental organizations, local government officials, ranchers and landowners, workers, and the public. All had to be on board for this audacious idea to fly.
For me, aesthetics is everything involved in the process—the workers, the politics, the negotiations, the construction difficulty, the dealings with hundreds of people. . . That’s what I’m interested in, discovering the process. I put myself in dialogue with other people.
—Christo
Even with convincing drawings and their team’s legwork, Christo and Jeanne-Claude faced resistance. Some community members and local government officials scoffed. One local man said, “It’s all a bunch of garbage. I think it’s stupid. . . What kind of art is that, hanging a piece of rag up for 50 miles? I can hang a rag up!”
But the duo persisted, spending months (years!) in conversation with the stakeholders. They went door to door, got to know the locals, became part of the community, and eventually won people over.
Here’s how one local landowner cleverly expressed her support of the project during a local commission meeting: I’m Mrs. George Nicholson from Petaluma. The fence does go through our property. We welcome it. There was one thing said about art being temporal. Some of the meals I prepare aren’t much . . . But sometimes I go to a lot of work to prepare a meal that I think is art. It’s a masterpiece. And what happens? It gets eaten up and disappears.
I just love that.
It was touch and go ‘til the moment it was complete, but the team was strategic, stubborn, and tireless. They would not stop, even breaking a law at the last minute to make it all come together. On September 7 of 1972, Running Fence was completed.
Christo called the finished piece a “ribbon of light.”
A 1977 article in the New Yorker shared the public’s response: "It’s just so goddam flipping outrageous,’ a long-haired kind in torn jeans said happily. ‘I can’t wait to see the rest of it."
How did these artists dream BIG? How did drawings help?
So how did Christo and Jeanne-Claude come up with such big, impossible, irrational, outrageous ideas? And how did they go from a little sketch or drawing to a 24-mile-long, multimillion-dollar installation? What can we learn from their approach to dreaming big?
Here are four tips I gleaned from learning about the duo’s work.
1. Forget usefulness
Start by letting go of the expectation that art has to be useful, or say something, or mean something. Christo believed that art was an experience—and that his art was ultimately useless. He said: Basically, you don’t think on that order when you start to do things. You know there’s not rational thinking. All these projects, I tell you, they are absolutely useless. Nobody needs the project except myself and JC, we convinced some friends to help us. And if someone likes them, it’s also a bonus. The world can live without Running Fence. Don’t care about that thing . . . Art is something absolutely useless.
Why is that important? Because we live in a culture that prioritizes use value over all other values: aesthetic, spiritual, relational. In a culture where productivity is king, everything we do must be for a concrete, quantifiable purpose. When we move past that narrow perspective and embrace the experience for its own sake, a whole new world cracks open.
A sign I made and keep taped to my wall. I think summarizes a lot of Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s approach to artmaking.
2. Don’t be practical These projects are totally irresponsible, capricious, unnecessary!
—Christo
Another thing to let go of? Practicality! Experience with a certain medium? Nope! Contacts in a certain place? Not necessary! Jeanne-Claude and Christo didn’t necessarily know how to make the things they imagined. They saw each project as an opportunity to learn.
The project, it was something unforgettable because we—myself and Jeanne- Claude—we learn so much things we did not know. Each project for us is like university, we’re so eager.
—Christo 3. Want to think BIG? Start SMALL.
When they had the first whiff of an idea, Christo would start sketching. From those small sketches a body of work would evolve: drawings to work out the object, the installation, the location.
The first drawing has very little drawing, done on brown paper with very little text underneath.
—Christo
And then push them to grow big. Because after all, why not? It’s art! They are only big because they are absolutely nothing except a work of art. And that gravity, that is words work of art looks big, they are humble works of art.
—Christo 4. Beauty for its own sake We want to create works of art of joy and beauty, which we will build because we believe it will be beautiful.
—Jeanne-Claude
Artists do not retire, they simply die.
—Jeanne-Claude
Other artists with big ideas
Most monumental works of art are made by men, and white men in particular. Taking up a lot of space and breaking rules to do it is something that white men have done all over the world for a very long time. So it feels important to talk about other inspiring examples of art on an audacious scale.
Kara Walker A Subtlety or the Marvelous Sugar Baby, the first public installation by artist Kara Walker. It was located inside the Domino Sugar Plant in Brooklyn, New York. Its full title is A Subtlety or the Marvelous Sugar Baby, an Homage to the unpaid and overworked Artisans who have refined our Sweet tastes from the cane fields to the Kitchens of the New World on the Occasion of the demolition of the Domino Sugar Refining Plant.
Visitors look at A Subtlety or the Marvelous Sugar Baby by artist Kara Walker in the former Domino sugar factory in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, on June 22, 2014. Photo by Alexandra Schuler/picture alliance via Getty Images
It’s built out of styrofoam and and 40 tons of sugar. In this phenomenal short film about the project, made with the support of Creative Time, Anne Pasternak, president and artistic director of the nonprofit, speaks about the work. “The project is not just ambitious in scale, it’s ambitious in content. Kara Walker is encouraging us to look at things that are so visible in our society that we wish were invisible: our history of slavery and our contemporary relationship to slavery, immigration, migration, mythologizing of Black women’s bodies . . . We believe at Creative Time that public art creates a space to engage in those difficult conversations.”
Simone Leigh
Another monumental project: Simone Leigh’sBrick House is installed on the High Line in New York City. You can watch a short film about the installation of the work here.
Brick House is a 16-foot-tall bronze bust of a Black woman. The statue’s torso combines the forms of a skirt and a clay house.
Simone Leigh's Brick House statue is seen on the High Line, New York City. Photo by John Lamparski/Getty Images
In a New York Timesprofile, Leigh was asked why she created the giant sculpture for that particular public place. She said she thought “it would be a great opportunity to have something about Black beauty right in the middle of that environment.”
In the same New York Times story, Cecilia Alemani, director and chief curator of High Line Art, discussed the sculpture. “It’s an icon, it’s a goddess—this very powerful feminine presence in a very masculine environment, because all around you, you have these towering skyscrapers and cranes . . . It’s very rare that in the public sphere you see a Black person commemorated as a hero or simply elevated on a pedestal.”
Reflection
How are Kara Walker and Simone Leigh’s monumental public artworks similar to or different from Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s? How should we compare their approaches to public art, if at all?
When we are confronted with a spectacular artwork at substantial scale, we could ask ourselves: Why was it made that size? What does it say about the artist, and their intent? And what does our response say about the culture?
And if WE were going to dream BIG, what would we do?
What would YOU create?
Activity: Dream Big (on paper) The idea for all our projects, not only Running Fence, starts with sketches. These were very clumsy drawings. [Over time,] the project gets crystallized.
—Christo Time: 15 minutes
Materials: paper, pencil and/or pen, colors, optional: collage elements (maps, photos, fabric), adhesive (tape or glue)
When was the last time you dreamt up something audacious?? An Empire State Building-size monument to your beloved dog, or turning a river into gold, or creating an indoor rainbow machine?
What would it look like? Where would it be? How big would it be? How would it interact with the space? What materials would you use?
This week, we are taking our cue to dream BIG from Christo and Jeanne-Claude and creating preparatory drawings for an impossibly big project.
Remember, Christo’s were not fancy or perfect by any means. In his own words: The first drawings are more schematic, abstract, clumsy, more simple. . . I did the original with my own hand. I use pencil, chalk, pastel, wax crayon. I drew often the technical diagrams. I often I used photography by the little sketches are studies for the larger drawings.
Let’s do this.
Step 1. Ideation: Do some sketching and come up with an idea for a monument. Ask yourself “What if..?” And then put it down on paper.
Step 2. Make it bigger: Use drawing to imagine how it would look as a giant artwork. Include a tiny person next to it for scale.
Step 3. Plan it out: Get detailed. Look back at Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s plans. Note how they included maps, photos, diagrams, measurements.
Step 4. Consider aesthetics: Imagine your sketch is going to fund the creation of the actual work. Add color, flourishes, and definitely sign it.
Step 5. Share it with the world: Who knows, maybe a donor will be inspired by your project and help make it reality!
Can’t wait to see your drawings, artists.
Pencils UP!
Wendy MacNaughton is a New York Times Bestselling artist, graphic journalist and educator. She inspires people see one another and the world with more curiosity and care through drawing. Her online DrawTogether community spreads joy and delight, all while learning about artists’ processes and stories.
