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Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., “Rembrandt van Rijn/A Young Man Seated at a Table (possibly Govaert Flinck)/c. 1660,” Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century, NGA Online Editions, https://purl.org/nga/collection/artobject/84 (accessed March 28, 2024).

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Overview

After learning the fundamentals of drawing and painting in his native Leiden, Rembrandt van Rijn went to Amsterdam in 1624 to study for six months with Pieter Lastman (1583–1633), a famous history painter. Upon completion of his training Rembrandt returned to Leiden. Around 1632 he moved to Amsterdam, quickly establishing himself as the town’s leading artist, specializing in history paintings and portraiture. He received many commissions and attracted a number of students who came to learn his method of painting.

This painting of a stylish young man is one of Rembrandt's most sympathetic late portraits. The sitter's handsome features and gentle expression, framed by the long locks of his hair, suggest warmth and sensitivity. At the same time, the understated simplicity of his dress —  from the plain white collar, left open at the neck, to his black costume and hat —  reinforces the sense of self-assurance so evident in the pose. The name of the sitter is not known, and the signature and date are extremely difficult to decipher. Stylistically, a date of about 1660 seems correct for this work.

This portrait may represent the artist Govaert Flinck (1615–1660), as it resembles an engraved portrait of Flinck made by an unknown artist. At the time of his sudden death in February 1660, Flinck was at the height of his fame. Following his studies with Rembrandt in the mid-1630s, he became a successful portrait and history painter in a style that was admired by important civic and private patrons in both Amsterdam and his native Germany. Flinck was wealthy and well connected, and had a remarkable art collection. The emotional warmth of this portrait suggests that the contacts between the sitter and Rembrandt were personal as well as professional.

Entry

This painting of a stylish young man, posed with one arm akimbo and the other gracefully resting on the table beside him, is one of Rembrandt's most sympathetic late portraits. The sitter’s handsome features and gentle expression, framed by the long locks of his hair, suggest warmth and sensitivity. At the same time, the understated simplicity of his dress, from the plain white collar, left open at the neck, to his black costume and hat, reinforces the sense of self-assurance so evident in the pose.

The name of the sitter is not known. The traditional designation that he is a “young man” seems based more on his elegant pose than on the nature of his face or hands.[1] With his angular features and somewhat heavy eyes, the sitter seems more mature, probably in his early to mid-forties. Uncertainty has also surrounded the date of the painting, despite the fact that it is signed and dated in the middle right background. When the signature and date were first noticed at the end of the nineteenth century they were read as: “Rembrandt f. 1662”.[2] By 1935 scholars interpreted the date as “1663”.[3] Indeed, the signature and date are extremely difficult to decipher, and today the last digit of the date is no longer legible. Whether it was more legible in 1893 or in 1935 and whether the reading “1662” or “1663” was correct are impossible to determine. Although such dates are stylistically plausible, the face is more delicately modeled than one would expect after the boldly executed heads found in Rembrandt’s paintings Jacob Trip and Margaretha de Geer (National Gallery, London) of around 1661[4] and The Syndics of the Cloth Drapers’ Guild [fig. 1], which he executed in 1662. The impact of these works on his portrait style is evident in the impastos and rough execution of the face of the subject depicted in A Young Man, a portrait said to be dated 1663 (Dulwich Picture Gallery, London),[5] or in Portrait of a Man in a Tall Hat, which must have been executed in the mid-1660s.

In Young Man Seated at a Table Rembrandt’s brushwork is relatively smooth, as is appropriate for the youthful appearance of the sitter. While he has used rapid strokes of the brush in the impastos on the forehead to suggest highlights and has painted the hair wet-into-wet, the features are not built up with striking juxtapositions of dense impastos and revealed underlying layers of paint. Instead, Rembrandt has modulated his forms with carefully nuanced strokes that capture the play of light on the sitter’s face. Subtle accents along the eyelids, in the lower portions of the whites of the eyes, and in the irises help bring the man’s face to life. Because the style falls somewhere between the more densely painted and carefully articulated portraits from the late 1650s and the roughly executed portraits of the early 1660s, it seems appropriate to propose, as others have done, a date of about 1660 for this work.[6]

The attribution of this painting has never been questioned, and there is no reason to do so. Indeed, Horst Gerson considered it “one of the most beautiful of the late commissioned portraits.”[7] Much of its beauty stems from the subtle fusion of Rembrandt’s vigorous brushwork with a graceful pose reminiscent of portraits by Sir Anthony van Dyck (Flemish, 1599 - 1641). Unfortunately, as Gerson also mentioned, the work has suffered, most particularly in the thinly painted hands. The character of the left hand, however, is confusing, for brushstrokes belonging to an initial concept are visible through the fingers. This earlier hand, which is more fully visible in the X-radiographs [see X-radiography], was lower and may have had a stronger accent of light upon it than does the current hand [fig. 2]. Another change evident in the X-radiographs is that the white collar originally jutted higher and covered a bit of the sitter’s face, just to the left of his chin.

Behind the figure a large rectangular form, read in the 1935 Rijksmuseum exhibition catalogue as a window opening with a beveled windowsill, can be vaguely discerned. A bluish black curtain was thought to be to the left of this window.[8] Jeroen Giltaij also interprets this rectangular form as an open window.[9] The right edge of the shape curves slightly outward near the bottom in such a way as to suggest that the form is not a window but a stretched canvas. With such a backdrop the painting could well depict a painter seated before a canvas. Indeed, the relaxed, informal pose of the sitter speaks to such an interpretation. Rembrandt had already depicted the artist Jan Asselijn (Dutch, c. 1610 - 1652) in such a manner, seated before one of his paintings in an etching of about 1647 [fig. 3].[10] Comparable as well is the Portrait of Paulus Potter, 1654 (Mauritshuis, The Hague), by Bartholomeus van der Helst (c. 1613–1670).[11]

Should the Gallery’s portrait represent an artist, an unexpected but probable sitter is Govaert Flinck (Dutch, 1615 - 1660)—if one is to judge from the engraved portrait of him, here shown in reverse, included in Arnold Houbraken’s De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen of 1753 [fig. 4].[12]  Although the source for Houbraken’s print is not known, the image he depicts resembles to a remarkable degree the sitter in Rembrandt’s portrait. Not only are the shapes of the eyes, nose, and mouth similar, Flinck had a similar mustache and also long, flowing hair. If the portrait does represent Flinck, Rembrandt would presumably have painted it before February 2, 1660, the date of Flinck’s unexpected death at the age of forty-four, unless it was a posthumous portrait.[13]

Whether Govaert Flinck would have asked Rembrandt for a portrait at this stage of his career is, of course, a legitimate question. Flinck was at the height of his fame in 1660. He had long since left the orbit of Rembrandt, with whom he had studied in the mid-1630s, to become a successful portrait and history painter in a classicizing style admired by the important patrons he associated with in both Amsterdam and his native Germany. He was wealthy and well connected, and had a remarkable collection with a heavy concentration of sculpture and paintings by Italian and Flemish masters, including Anthony van Dyck. In 1659 Flinck had received the most prestigious commission of his life: he was asked by the burgomasters to create twelve large paintings for the gallery of the Town Hall of Amsterdam. The world in which he operated seems so different from the one in which Rembrandt moved.

Nevertheless, Rembrandt’s genius as a portrait painter was still widely acknowledged by certain segments of Amsterdam’s population, including artists and art collectors. A number of his late portraits, both etched and painted, were indeed of artists or art collectors, and Flinck could qualify on both accounts. More important, this portrait has an immediacy that suggests personal as well as professional contacts between the sitter and the painter. That the aging master, who had been overlooked for the enormous commission to decorate the town hall, produced such an affectionate portrait of his former protégé, either just prior to his unexpected death or in reaction to it, is perhaps too much to ask. Yet the evidence, such as it is, allows for this possibility.[14]

Arthur K. Wheelock Jr.

April 24, 2014

Inscription

center right: Rembrandt 166[?]

Inscription

Provenance

Possibly acquired between 1768 and 1772 by Gustaf Adolf Sparre [1746-1794], Sahlgren-Sparre Palace, Göteborg, and, after 1775, Kulla Gunnarstorp Castle, near Helsingborg, Sweden; by inheritance to his wife, Elisabet Sofia Amalia Beata Sparre [née Ramel, 1753-1830], Kulla Gunnarstorp Castle; by inheritance to her grandson, Gustaf Adolf Frederik De la Gardie [1800-1833], Kulla Gunnarstorp Castle; by inheritance to his father, Jacob Gustaf De la Gardie [1768-1842], Kulla Gunnarstorp Castle; sold a few years after 1837 [when De Geer had purchased Kulla Gunnarstorp Castle] with the entire Sparre collection to Carl De Geer of Leustra [1781-1861]; placed 1855 into a family trust under care of his granddaughter, Elizabeth Wachtmeister [née von Platen, 1834-1918], Castle Wanås, near Kristianstad, Sweden;[1] sold 1926 by the Wachtmeister Trust to (Duveen Brothers, Inc., London, New York, and Paris); sold December 1926 to Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh and Washington; deeded 28 December 1934 to The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, Pittsburgh; gift 1937 to NGA.

Exhibition History

1893
Utställningen af äldre Mästares taflor ur Svenska privatsamlinger, Bukowskis, Stockholm, 1893, no. 161.
1929
Exhibition of Dutch Art 1450-1900, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1929, no. 83.
1935
Loan Exhibition of Paintings, Drawings and Etchings by Rembrandt and His Circle, The Art Institute of Chicago, 1935-1936, no. 7.
1935
Rembrandt Tentoonstelling, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, 1935, no. 29.
1939
Masterworks of Five Centuries, Golden Gate International Exposition, San Francisco, 1939, no. 88a, repro.
1969
Rembrandt in the National Gallery of Art [Commemorating the Tercentenary of the Artist's Death], National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1969, no. 20, repro.
1976
Chefs-d'oeuvre de musées des États-Unis: de Giorgione à Picasso, Musée Marmottan, Paris, October-December 1976, no. 17, repro. (organized by the Armand Hammer Foundation).
1976
Zapadnoevropeiskaia i Amerikanskaia zhivopis is muzeev ssha [West European and American Painting from the Museums of USA], State Hermitage Museum, Leningrad; State Pushkin Museum, Moscow; State Museums, Kiev and Minsk, 1976, unpaginated and unnumbered catalogue.
1990
Great Dutch Paintings from America, Mauritshuis, The Hague; The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, 1990-1991, no. 53, color repro.
1997
Rembrandt: A Genius and His Impact, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne; National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, 1997-1998, no. 19, repro.
2002
Rembrandt Rembrandt, Kyoto National Museum; Städelsches Kunstinstitut Frankfurt am Main, 2002-2003, no. 39, repro.
2003
Loan for display with permanent collection, Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, Frankfurt am Main, 2003-2004.
2011
Rembrandt in America, North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh; Cleveland Museum of Art; Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 2011-2012, no. 36, pl. 35.

Technical Summary

The support, a medium-weight, plain-weave fabric, has been lined with the original tacking margins trimmed. A row of later tacking holes along the left and top edges of the original support suggests a prior reduction in size, although cusping at right and bottom indicates that the present dimensions are close to or slightly smaller than the original dimensions. The double ground consists of a thick, red brown lower layer followed by a slightly thinner gray-tan layer.[1] The paint was applied in two stages over the gray-tan upper ground.[2] Rembrandt laid in the figure with broad strokes in black for the garment, and brighter paints for the accents and the skin color. While the facial features were worked out with some detail, the first paint strokes for the hands were quite sketchy and with some different details. The paint was applied as dry to fluid pastes, with glazes and scumbles, occasionally incised with the butt end of a brush. Brushstrokes have been worked wet-into-wet or drawn over dry impasto to create texture, although a past lining procedure has flattened the texture. The X-radiographs show changes in both hands, with the proper right hand loosely sketched and the proper left hand either lower or reconfigured, or both. The X-radiographs also show that the sitter’s white collar originally covered part of the sitter’s face, on the proper right side of his chin.

Large complex tears in the original support fabric are found in the lower right background and between the hands. Paint loss is confined to the tears and the edges, where sections of the original fabric have been torn away. There is some abrasion in the black garment, especially in the sitter’s sleeves and vest, where a long tear is located. The painting was treated in 2001-2002, at which time discolored varnish and inpainting were removed.

 

[1] The ground was analyzed by the NGA Scientific Research department using cross-sections (see report dated May 15, 2002, in NGA Conservation department files). An additional sample was analyzed by Karin Groen using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (see Karin Groen, "Grounds in Rembrandt’s Workshop and in Paintings by His Contemporaries," in Stichting Foundation Rembrandt Research Project, A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings, vol. 4, Self-Portraits, ed. Ernst van de Wetering [Dordrecht, 2005]. 668–669).

[2] The painting’s structure was confirmed by analysis of cross-sections. The analysis was performed by the NGA Scientific Research department (see report dated May 15, 2002, in NGA Conservation department files).

Bibliography

1884
Granberg, Olof. "Drei unbekannte Gemälde von Rembrandt." Zeitschrift für Bildende Kunst 19 (1884): 30-32.
1885
Granberg, Olof. Sveriges privata tafvelsamlingar. Stockholm, 1885: 3, no. 2.
1886
Granberg, Olof. Catalogue raisonné de tableaux anciens inconnus jusqu'ici dans les collections privées de la Suède. Stockholm, 1886: 27, no. 49.
1892
"Rembrandt tafla." Ny Illustrerad Tidning 28 (1892): 311, no. 38.
1893
Granberg, Olof. Katalog ofver Utställningen af alder Mästares taflor ur Svenska privatsamlinger. Stockholm, 1893: no. 81.
1893
Michel, Émile. Rembrandt: Sa vie, son oeuvre et son temps. Paris, 1893: 568.
1894
Michel, Émile. Rembrandt: His Life, His Work, and His Time. 2 vols. Translated by Florence Simmonds. New York, 1894: 2:247.
1895
Göthe, Georg. Tafvelsamlingen på Wanås. Stockholm, 1895: 24, no. 53.
1897
Bode, Wilhelm von, and Cornelis Hofstede de Groot. The Complete Work of Rembrandt. 8 vols. Translated by Florence Simmonds. Paris, 1897-1906: 7:3, 4, 38, no. 488, repro.
1899
Bell, Malcolm. Rembrandt van Rijn and His Work. London, 1899: 183.
1904
Rosenberg, Adolf. Rembrandt: des Meisters Gemälde. Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben 2. Stuttgart, 1904: 241, repro.
1906
Rosenberg, Adolf. Rembrandt, des Meisters Gemälde. Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben 2. 2nd ed. Stuttgart, 1906: repro. 370, 405.
1906
Wurzbach, Alfred von. Niederlandisches Kunstler-Lexikon. 3 vols. Vienna, 1906-1911: 2(1910):411.
1907
Bell, Malcolm. Rembrandt van Rijn. The great masters in painting and sculpture. London, 1907: 154.
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1907
Hofstede de Groot, Cornelis. Beschreibendes und kritisches Verzeichnis der Werke der hervorragendsten holländischen Maler des XVII. Jahrhunderts. 10 vols. Esslingen and Paris, 1907-1928: 6(1915):327-328, no. 784.
1907
Rosenberg, Adolf. The Work of Rembrandt, reproduced in over five hundred illustrations. Classics in Art 2. New York, 1907: 370, repro.
1908
Rosenberg, Adolf. Rembrandt, des Meisters Gemälde. Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben 2. 3rd ed. Stuttgart and Berlin, 1908: repro. 500, 564.
1909
Rosenberg, Adolf. Rembrandt: Des Meisters Gemälde. Edited by Wilhelm R. Valentiner. Klassiker der Kunst in Gesamtausgaben 2. Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1909: repro. 500, 564.
1910
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1911
Granberg, Olof. Inventaire général des trésors d'art, peintures & sculptures...en Suède. 3 vols. Stockholm, 1911-1913: 1(1911):125, no. 536, repro. no. 56.
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1923
Meldrum, David S. Rembrandt’s Painting, with an Essay on His Life and Work. New York, 1923: 203, pl. 431.
1926
"Ein Rembrandt von Schweden nach Amerika verkauft." Der Cicerone 18 (1926): 207–208.
1928
"America Lends Dutch Paintings to London Show." Art News (29 December 1928): 1, 12, repro.
1929
Bauch, Kurt. "Ausstellung holländischer Kunst von 1450–1900 in London." Zeitschrift für Bildende Kunst 63 (1929): 3.
1929
Gibson, William. "The Dutch Exhibition at Burlington House." Apollo 9 (January 1929): 1-12, repro.
1929
Puyvelde, Leo van. "Hollandsche Kunst te London." Onze Kunst 46 (May 1929): 158.
1929
Rutter, Frank. "Notes from Abroad." International Studio 92 (1929): 66.
1929
Witt, Robert Clermont. Exhibition of Dutch art, 1450-1900. Exh. cat. Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1929: no. 83.
1930
Valentiner, Wilhelm R. "Important Rembrandts in American Collections." Art News 28, no. 30 (26 April 1930): 2-4, repro.
1931
Valentiner, Wilhelm R. Rembrandt Paintings in America. New York, 1931: no. 159, repro.
1935
Benesch, Otto. Rembrandt: Werk und Forschung. Vienna, 1935: 67 (reprint ed., Lucerne, 1970).
1935
Bredius, Abraham. Rembrandt Gemälde, 630 Abbildungen. Vienna, 1935: no. 312, repro.
1935
Bredius, Abraham. Rembrandt Schilderijen, 630 Afbeeldingen. Utrecht, 1935: no. 312, repro.
1935
"L’Exposition Rembrandt à Amsterdam." Amour de l’art 16 (1935): 271, repro.
1935
Rich, Daniel Catton. Loan exhibition of paintings, drawings and etchings by Rembrandt and his circle. Exh. cat. Art Institute of Chicago, 1935: 18, no. 7.
1935
Rich, Daniel Catton. "Rembrandt Remains." Parnassus 7 (October 1935): 2-5, repro.
1935
Schmidt-Degener, Frederik. Rembrandt Tentoonstelling, ter herdenking van de plechtige opening van het Rijksmuseum. Exh. cat. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, 1935: 60-61, no. 29.
1936
Bredius, Abraham. The Paintings of Rembrandt. New York, 1936: no. 312, repro.
1937
"A National Gallery for America." The Burlington Magazine 70 (March 1937): 143, repro.
1937
Cortissoz, Royal. An Introduction to the Mellon Collection. Boston, 1937: 39, repro.
1939
Golden Gate International Exposition. Masterworks of Five Centuries. Exh. cat. Golden Gate International Exposition, San Francisco, 1939: no. 88a, repro.
1941
Duveen Brothers. Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America. New York, 1941: no. 203, repro., as A Youing Man at a Table.
1941
National Gallery of Art. Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. Washington, 1941: 165, no. 77.
1942
Book of Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1942: 240, repro. 31.
1942
Bredius, Abraham. The Paintings of Rembrandt. 2 vols. Translated by John Byam Shaw. Oxford, 1942: 1:18, no. 312, repro.
1943
Benesch, Otto. "The Rembrandt Paintings in the National Gallery of Art." The Art Quarterly 6, no. 1 (Winter 1943): 30 fig. 10, 31.
1949
National Gallery of Art. Paintings and Sculpture from the Mellon Collection. Washington, 1949 (reprinted 1953 and 1958): 88, repro.
1952
Behrman, Samuel N. Duveen. New York, 1952: 28.
1956
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1959
Bauch, Kurt. "A Portrait of Rembrandt’s Last Period." The Burlington Magazine 101 (May 1959): 105-106, repro.
1961
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1963
Porkay, Martin. Die Abenteuer zweier unechter Rembrandts. Munich, 1963: 13, 15, 26-27, fig. II.
1963
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 314, repro.
1965
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1966
Bauch, Kurt. Rembrandt Gemälde. Berlin, 1966: 23, no. 439, repro.
1968
Gerson, Horst. Rembrandt Paintings. Amsterdam, 1968: color repro. 153, repro. 446, no. 405, 504.
1968
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 98, repro.
1969
Bredius, Abraham. Rembrandt: The Complete Edition of the Paintings. Revised by Horst Gerson. 3rd ed. London, 1969: repro. 238, 574, no. 312.
1969
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1970
Benesch, Otto. Rembrandt: Werk und Forschung. Reprint of 1935 ed. Lucerne, 1970: 67.
1972
Behrman, Samuel N. Duveen. 2nd ed. London, 1972: 25.
1974
Hasselgren, Ingmar."Konstsamlaren Gustaf Adolf Sparre. 1746–1794: hans studieresa, våning och konstsamling Göteborg." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Göteborg, 1974: 111, 127, 131, 195, 198, no. G 53, repro.
1975
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1976
Bessonova, Marina A. Zapadnoevropeiskaia i Amerikanskaia zhivopis is muzeev ssha [West European and American Painting from the Museums of USA]. Exh. cat. State Hermitage Museum, Leningrad; Pushkin Museum, Moscow; State Museum Kiev; State Museum Minsk. Moscow, 1976: unpaginated and unnumbered.
1976
Daulte, François. Chefs-d'oeuvre de musées des États-Unis: de Giorgione à Picasso. Exh. cat. Musée Marmottan, Paris, 1976: no. 17, repro.
1977
Bolten, J., and H. Bolten-Rempt. The Hidden Rembrandt. Translated by Danielle Adkinson. Milan and Chicago, 1977: 202, no. 549, repro.
1984
Schwartz, Gary. Rembrandt: Zijn leven, zijn schilderijen. Maarssen, 1984: 339, no. 396, repro.
1984
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 279, no. 363, color repro., as by Rembrandt van Ryn.
1985
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. Washington, 1985: 330, repro.
1985
Schwartz, Gary. Rembrandt: His Life, His Paintings. New York, 1985: 339, no. 396, repro.
1986
Guillaud, Jacqueline, and Maurice Guillaud. Rembrandt: das Bild des Menschen. Translated by Renate Renner. Stuttgart, 1986: 362, no. 416, repro.
1986
Guillaud, Jacqueline, and Maurice Guillaud. Rembrandt, the human form and spirit. Translated by Suzanne Boorsch et al. New York, 1986: no. 416, repro.
1986
Sutton, Peter C. A Guide to Dutch Art in America. Washington and Grand Rapids, 1986: 314.
1986
Tümpel, Christian. Rembrandt. Translated by Jacques and Jean Duvernet, Léon Karlson, and Patrick Grilli. Paris, 1986: repro. 326, 413, no. 217.
1990
Broos, Ben P. J., ed. Great Dutch Paintings from America. Exh. cat. Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis, The Hague; Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. The Hague and Zwolle, 1990: 51, 387-393, no. 53, color repro. 388.
1995
Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, 1995: 265-270, color repro. 267.
1997
Blankert, Albert. Rembrandt: A Genius and his Impact. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne; National Gallery of Australia, Canberra. Zwolle, 1997: 151-153, no. 19, repro.
2003
Giltaij, Jeroen. Rembrandt Rembrandt. Exh. cat. National Museum, Kyoto; Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, Frankfurt am Main. Wolfrathausen, 2003: 202-205, no. 39, repro.
2006
Rønberg, Lene Bøgh, and Eva de la Fuente Pedersen. Rembrandt?: The Master and His Workshop. Exh. cat. Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen, 2006: 46, fig. 9.
2011
Keyes, George S., Tom Rassieur, and Dennis P. Weller. Rembrandt in America: collecting and connoisseurship. Exh. cat. North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh; Cleveland Museum of Art; Minneapolis Institute of Arts. New York, 2011: 131, 134, 192, no. 36.

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