The Adoration of the Shepherds

c. 1764/1765

Anton Raphael Mengs

Artist, German, 1728 - 1779

Four men, a boy, an ox, and a donkey crowd around a young woman holding a baby inside a shadowy wooden structure in this vertical painting. Five angels, all with blond curly hair and two with wings, float in a bank of gray clouds above. The men below have tanned skin while the boy, woman, baby, and angels have pale skin with rosy cheeks. All of their faces are illuminated by the bright light emanating from the baby, Jesus, who lies cradled in the woman’s arms. That woman, Mary, sits to our left of center next to the manger, a wooden structure like a crate, overflowing with straw, on which she rests Jesus. An azure-blue mantle covers her blond hair and wraps around her pale lavender robe. Her body is angled to our left but her head turns toward us as she looks over our heads with hazel eyes. Touches of white paint on her lower lids suggest tears about to spill over. She has a delicate nose, a rounded chin, and her small pink mouth is closed. Jesus is swaddled in a white cloth and smiles slightly as he gazes up and off to our left. An older man, Joseph, leans into the scene from the shadows to Mary’s right, our left. He has a curly gray beard and hair, and wrinkles furrow his brow and line his cheeks. His lips are parted, and he looks down with dark eyes. His butterscotch-yellow cloak is wrapped tightly around his body. The heads of the donkey and ox look toward the light from below Joseph, next to the manger. The other three men and young boy gather to our right. The men wear pine-green, black, scarlet-red, or pale yellow garments, and two of them are bearded. They bow, kneel, and gesture toward Jesus. The one closest to us bows his head low on his hands and knees, a staff next to him on the ground. We see his cleanshaven, lowered face through his wide-spread arms. The young boy stands smiling next to Mary with his hands raised as if he were about to clap. These men and the boy are framed by an open doorway beyond them, which opens onto a dimly lit landscape with palm trees and hills under a pale blue and white sky. Above, the two angels closest to us have moss-green wings. They wear robes in sage green, rose pink, and golden yellow. Some look down with hands in prayer or arms crossed over their chest. The two at the back of the group, in the upper right corner of the painting, look up and off the composition as one points downward.

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On View

NGA, West Building, M-105, N


Artwork overview


Artwork history & notes

Provenance

Commissioned as the altarpiece for the private chapel of Charles III, King of Spain [1716-1788], Madrid;[1] by inheritance to his son, Charles IV, King of Spain [1748-1819], Madrid, until 1808;[2] Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain [1768-1844], Madrid 1808-1813, and Point Breeze, Bordentown, New Jersey, from 1816;[3] (his estate sale, at Point Breeze by Anthony J. Bleecker, Bordentown, 25 June 1847, no. 44). (sale, Thomas & Sons Galleries, Philadelphia, 16 January 1852, no. 100).[4] Mr. Whelan, Philadelphia;[5] purchased by William Wilson Corcoran [1798-1888], Washington, by 1857;[6] gift 10 May 1869 to the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington; acquired 2014 by the National Gallery of Art.
[1] The painting was relocated not long after its original installation because of lighting issues. Later inventories of the royal collections record the painting in the private chambers of the Prince de Asturias, now the Salon de Armas. See Jose Luis Sancho, "Mengs at the Palacio Real, Madrid," The Burlington Magazine, 139, no. 1133 (August 1997): 521, fig. 7.
[2] Charles IV abdicated the Spanish throne in March 1808, in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII, but the latter was forced to abdicate by Napoleon Bonaparte, the French emperor. Napoleon declared the Bourbon dynasty in Spain deposed, and installed his older brother, Joseph, on the Spanish throne; Napoleon had made Joseph King of Naples and Sicily in 1806.
[3] Joseph Bonaparte's arrival in Spain sparked a Spanish revolt against French rule and the beginning of the Peninsular War. Joseph remained on the Spanish throne with tenuous control of the country until the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813, when the main French forces were defeated by a British-led coalition and Joseph fled to Switzerland. Although the Duke of Wellington, head of the British forces in Spain, captured a large number of paintings that Joseph had taken from the Spanish royal palaces and had planned to take with him into exile, other paintings eluded capture and ultimately ended up with Joseph in the United States. Joseph arrived in the U.S. in August 1815, where he styled himself the Count de Survilliers. Before establishing himself at Point Breeze, he lived in both New York and Philadelphia. He would remain in the U.S. until 1832, returning briefly twice before returning to Europe, where he died in Florence in 1844. The Mengs painting was probably one of the paintings taken in 1813. It is listed in the inventory of Joseph's paintings made at his order and annotated by him, published by Georges Bertin, as an appendix to Joseph Bonaparte en Amerique, Paris, 1893: 418, no 108, Nativite de Jesus-Christ, Raphael Mengs, valued by Joseph himself at 80,000 francs. See also
Evan Morrison Woodward, Bonaparte's Park, and the Murats, Trenton, 1879: 55.
[4] According to information recorded for the painting by the Corcoran Gallery of Art (in NGA curatorial files), Joseph Bonaparte bequeathed the painting to his private physician. However, a number of doctors have been identified as such, and this does not explain the painting's appearance in two sales, in 1847 and 1852, following Joseph's death.
[5] Whelan's name is given on the original Corcoran Gallery of Art accession card, in NGA curatorial files.
[6] See Charles Lanman, Catalogue of W.W. Corcoran's Private Gallery, Washington, 1857: no. 2. Strangely, the entry for the painting in the Biography of Paintings kept by the Corcoran Gallery of Art, states "This painting was purchased by Mr. W.W. Corcoran for the sum of $1500.00 in the year 1873, and is from the collection of Joseph Bonaparte." (p. 2, copy in NGA curatorial files).

Associated Names

Exhibition History

2000

  • The Splendor of 18th-Century Rome, Philadelphia Museum of Art; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 2000, no. 258, repro.

Bibliography

1857

  • Lanman, Charles. Catalogue of W.W. Corcoran's Gallery. Washington, 1857: 5, no. 2.

Wikidata ID

Q46625410


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