National Gallery of Art

Overview

The Greek Slave, the first publicly exhibited, life-size, American sculpture depicting a fully nude female figure, met with unprecedented popular and critical success. Arguably the most famous American sculpture ever, The Greek Slave not only won American expatriate Hiram Powers international acclaim but also enhanced the overseas reputation of American art and culture. After completing his first Greek Slave in 1844 (Raby Castle, England), Powers produced five full-size versions (also in marble), each slightly different. William Wilson Corcoran purchased this sculpture, the first of those, in 1851. 

The event that established The Greek Slave as one of America's most celebrated works of art was the 1847–1851 tour of two versions of the sculpture, including Mr. Corcoran's, around the eastern United States. Aware that the slave's nudity might provoke disapproval on the part of a conservative American audience, Powers was careful to supplement his exhibition with texts stressing the subject's ‘high moral and intellectual beauty.'"

In fact, the figure's nudity increased its notoriety, but the work's acclaim in the mid-19th-century United States stemmed also from its relationship to contemporary political events. Powers chose a subject inspired by Greece's struggle for independence in the 1820s; many literary, artistic, and critical responses to the sculpture linked it to the ongoing debate over American slavery.

Corcoran displayed the prized sculpture prominently in his Washington mansion, where it attracted enormous publicity and confirmed his reputation as a discerning collector. In Florence, Powers was overwhelmed by the demand for more full-size versions and busts. The sculpture's renown also permeated popular culture, inspiring everything from miniature reproductions and chewing-tobacco tins to poetry and sheet music.

Inscription

on back of the base: H. POWERS. sc. / 1846.

Provenance

Ordered from the artist by William Ward, 11th baron Ward [1817-1885, later 1st earl of Dudley], but released by him prior to the sculpture's completion; purchased 1848 by James Robb, New Orleans; purchased April 1850 by the Western Art Union, Cincinnati; offered by them 20 February 1851 as the first lottery prize; won by James D'Arcy, New Orleans; purchased 1851 by William Wilson Corcoran [1798-1888], Washington; deeded 1869 by him to the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington; accessioned 1873 by the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington;[1] acquired 2014 by the National Gallery of Art.

Exhibition History

1847

[Tour of the sculpture under the management of Miner K. Kellogg], National Academy of Design, New York; The Odeon, Washington; Carroll Hall, Baltimore; Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, 1847-1848.

1848

Cooke's Gallery, New Orleans, 1848-1849.

1850

Gallery of the Western Art Union, Cincinnati, 1850-1851.

1957

Tastemakers, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, 18 January - 24 February 1957.

1966

Past and Present: 250 Years of American Art, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, 15 April - 30 September 1966, unpublished checklist.

1993

The Century Club Collection, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, 21 July - 13 September 1993, unpublished checklist.

Bibliography

1845

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1845

Lester, C. Edwards. The Artist, the Merchant, and the Statesman, of the Age of the Medici, and of Our Own Times. 2 vols. New York, 1845: 1:84-89.

1845

Lester, C. Edwards. The Artist, the Merchant, and the Statesman, of the Age of the Medici, and of Our Own Times. 2 vols. New York, 1845: 2:191-192.

1845

"Powers, the Sculptor." The North American (November 8, 1845): 1.

1846

An American [George Henry Calvert]. Scenes and Thoughts in Europe. New York, 1846: 96, 115.

1846

Headley, J. T. Letters from Italy. New York, 1846: 197.

1847

"An Ode to the Greek Slave." New York Herald (September 27, 1847): 2.

1847

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1847

"Art II: Powers' Greek Slave." Massachusetts Quarterly Review 1, no. 1 (December 1847): 54-62.

1847

"Art News." New York Evening Express (September 24, 1847): 2.

1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

"City Items: Powers's Great Statue." New York Daily Tribune (August 26, 1847): 2.

1847

"Correspondence of the Courier: New York, August 17, 1847." Charleston Courier (August 21, 1847): 2: 3.

1847

"Correspondence of the Courier (New York, August 26, 1847)." Charleston Courier (August 30, 1847): 2: 3.

1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

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1847

New York Journal of Commerce (October 13, 1847): 2.

1847

"Powers' Greek Slave." The Spirit of the Times (September 18, 1847): 346.

1847

"Powers's Greek Slave." New York Evening Post (August 31, 1847): 2.

1847

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1847

"Progress of the Fine Arts." New York Herald (December 29, 1847): 2.

1847

R. S. C. "Editor's Table: Power's Statue of the Greek Slave." Knickerbocker 30 (October 1847): 365.

1847

The Charleston Courier (August 16, 1847): sec. 2, 4.

1847

"The Fine Arts." New York Herald (August 27, 1847): 2.

1847

"The Fine Arts." New York Herald (November 28, 1847): 2.

1847

"The Fine Arts: Powers' Greek Slave." New York Herald (September 1, 1847): 2.

1847

"The Fine Arts: Powers' Greek Slave." New York Herald (September 13, 1847): 2.

1847

"The Greek Slave, by Powers." New Hampshire Sentinel 49, no. 43 (October 28, 1847): 4.

1847

"The Greek Slave: Contribution for the New Orleans Sufferers." New York Evening Post (September 27, 1847): 2.

1847

"The Greek Slave." Morning News 3, no. 289 (October 19, 1847): 2.

1847

"The Greek Slave." New York Daily Tribune (September 15, 1847): n.p.

1847

"The Greek Slave." New York Evening Express (November 5, 1847): 4.

1847

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1847

"The Greek Slave of Powers." New York Evening Post (August 26, 1847): 2.

1847

"The Greek Slave." The Courier and Enquirer (August 31, 1847): n.p.

1847

"The Greek Slave." The Evening Post (Ocotober 13, 1847): 2: 2.

1847

"The Greek Slave: The New Orleans Sufferers." New York Evening Post (September 29, 1847): 2.

1847

"To the Greek Slave by Powers." The Literary World (September 18, 1847): n.p.

1847

Tuckerman, Henry T. "The Greek Slave." New York Daily Tribune (September 9, 1847): n.p.

1848

A Lover of the Arts. "Communication (February 3, 1848)." Goergetown Advocate (February 8, 1848): 2.

1848

"Correspondence of the Courier." Charleston Courier (February 12, 1848): sec. 2, 2-3.

1848

Excerpts from the Diary of M. R. Miller, Italy 1848: February 8, 1848: 30-31. Greek Slave Curatorial File, Newark Museum, Delaware.

1848

"Greek Slave." Baltimore American (April 14, 1848): 2.

1848

J. E. S. "Sonnet to Powers' Greek Slave." Baltimore Patriot (May 2, 1848): n.p.

1848

Justice to Hiram Powers: Addressed to the Citizens of New Orleans. New Orleans, 1848: 3-14.

1848

"Power's Greek Slave." Baltimore American and Daily Advertiser (May 9, 1848): 3.

1848

"Powers' Greek Slave." Baltimore Clipper (April 4, 1848): n.p.

1848

"Power's 'Greek Slave.'" Baltimore Clipper (January 31, 1848): n.p.

1848

"Powers' Greek Slave." Baltimore Republican and Argus (April 14, 1848): 2.

1848

"Powers' Greek Slave." Baltimore Republican and Argus (April 15, 1848): 2.

1848

"Powers' Greek Slave." Baltimore Republican and Argus (April 15, 1848): n.p.

1848

"Power's Greek Slave." Daily National Intelligencer (February 14, 1848): 1.

1848

"Power's Greek Slave." New Orleans Commercial Bulletin (November 23, 1848): 2.

1848

"Power's Greek Slave." The Daily Picayune (November 23, 1948): 2.

1848

"Power's Greek Slave." The Pennsylvanian (June 15, 1848): Town Facts and Fancies, 3.

1848

"Powers' Greek Slave." The Pennsylvanian (June 30, 1848): Town Facts and Fancies, 2.

1848

"Powers' Greek Slave." The Union (January 24, 1848): n.p.

1848

"Powers's Greek Slave." Daily National Intelligencer (January 28, 1848): 2.

1848

"Powers' Statue of the Greek Slave." Baltimore Republican and Argus (April 20, 1848): 2.

1848

"Powers' Statue of the Greek Slave." Baltimore Sun (April 17, 1848): 2.

1848

"Powers' Statue of the Greek Slave." Baltimore Sun (May 3, 1848): 2.

1848

"Powers' Statue of the Greek Slave." Saturday Evening News, and District General Advertiser (March 25, 1848): 3.

1848

Putnam, George Palmer. A Pocket Memorandum Book During A Ten Weeks' Trip to Italy and Germany in 1847. New York, 1848: 82-83.

1848

"Statuary in America." The Home Journal (July 29, 1848): 2: 3-4.

1848

"The Greek Slave-A Little Longer." Baltimore Republican and Argus (May 16, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser (April 4, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser (May 3, 1848): 3.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore American and Daily Advertiser (April 20, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore American (April 20, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore American (April 4, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore Clipper (April 14, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore Clipper (May 2, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore Clipper (May 26, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore Patriot (April 15, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore Republican and Argus (May 4, 1948): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore Sun (April 14, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore Sun (April 20, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Baltimore Sun (April 25, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Daily National Intelligencer (March 3, 1848): 1.

1848

"The Greek Slave: From the Cincinnati Daily Dispatch of Nov. 15." Daily National Intelligencer (December 29, 1948): 1.

1848

"The Greek Slave: Last Week of Exhibition." Baltimore Republican and Argus (May 2, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." New Orleans Commercial Bulletin (November 24, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." New Orleans Commercial Bulletin (November 25, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." New Orleans Weekly Bulletin (November 25, 1848): 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." New Orleans Weekly Bulletin (November 25, 1848): 3.

1848

"The Greek Slave." New York Evening Express (January 4, 1848): City News, 1.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Saturday Evening News, and District General Advertiser (January 29, 1848): 3.

1848

"The Greek Slave." The Daily Picayune (December 4, 1848): evening edition, 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." The Enterprise (April 15, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Greek Slave." The Enterprise (April 22, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Greek Slave." The Pennsylvanian (June 10, 1848): Town Facts and Fancies, 2.

1848

"The Greek Slave." The Western Continent (April 22, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Greek Slave." Weekly National Whig (February 5, 1848): n.p.

1848

"The Model Artistes." Daily National Intelligencer (January 31, 1848): 4.

1848

"The Statue of the Greek Slave." The Home Journal (January 1, 1848): 3: 3.

1849

Vindication of Hiram Powers in the "Greek Slave" Controversy. Cincinnati, 1849: 3-16.

1850

"Art Intelligence." The Evening Post (October 10, 1850): sec. 2, 3.

1850

"Fine Art Gossip." The Literary World (December 14, 1850): 485.

1850

"Western Art-Union, Cincinnati, O." The Home Journal (November 9, 1850): sec. 3, 5.

1851

G. "Visit to a "Gallery of Art.'" The Western Journal of Agriculture, Manufactures, Mechanic Arts, Internal Improvement, Commerce, and General Literature 6, no. 4160 (1851): 62-64.

1851

"Power's "Greek Slave.'" The Evening Post (February 24, 1851): sec. 2, 4.

1851

"Power's Greek Slave." The Farmer's Cabinet 49, no. 29 (February 27, 1851): 3.

1851

"Powers "Greek Slave.'" The Semi-Weekly Eagle 4, no. 58 (March 3, 1851): 3.

1852

"Cast of the Greek Slave." The Morning Chronicle (March 19, 1852): sec. 5, 2.

1853

Poore, Ben Perley. "Waifs From Washington." Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion 4, no. 11 (March 12, 1853): 167.

1857

"Greek Slave Re-Purchased." Cosmopolitan Art Journal 1, no. 5 (1857): 162.

1857

"No Resting-Place for the Greek Slave." Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper (July 11, 1857): n.p.

1857

"Sale of Powers's Greek Slave at the Exchange." The Evening Post (June 23, 1857): sec. 3, 6.

1859

"Shots on the Wing (Washington, Tuesday, January 18)." Cincinnati Daily Enquirer (January 23, 1859): 1.

1867

Tuckerman, Henry. Book of the Artists. New York, 1867: 632.

1867

Tuckerman, Henry T. Book of the Artists: American Artist Life Comprising Biographical and Critical Sketches of American Artists. New York, 1867 (1967): 279, 284-286, 291.

1869

Ellis, Dr. John B. The Sights and Secrets of the National Capital: A Work Descriptive of Washington City in All Its Various Phases. New York, 1869: 503.

1870

"Art and Artists in Washington." National Daily Republican (December 5, 1870): 1.

1871

Hanely, Jane. "Art Galleries: What May Be Seen in Washington." The Evening Post (October 21, 1871): sec. 5, 3.

1872

"Power's Greek Slave." The Evening Star (March 20, 1872): 1: 2.

1873

"Death of Hiram Powers." The Evening Star (June 28, 1873): sec. 1, 5.

1873

"Powers' Greek Slave: Where He Got His Model." The Atlanta Constitution (July 27, 1873): 7.

1873

"The Model of the Greek Slave." The Farmer's Cabinet 72, no. 4 (August 6, 1873): 1.

1873

"The Opening of the Corcoran Art Gallery." The Evening Star (December 16, 1873): sec. 2, 1.

1874

"Art." Atlantic Monthly 33, no. 199 (May 1874): 631.

1874

"Art at the National Capital." The International Review 1, no. 3 (May 1874): 327.

1874

Bouligny, M. E. P. A Tribute to W. W. Corcoran of Washington City. Philadelphia, 1874: 41-43.

1874

From Our Own Correspondent. "Art in Washington: The Corcoran Gallery." The New York Times (January 20, 1874): 3.

1874

"Home and Foreign Gossip." Harper's Weekly (February 7, 1874): 131cd-132a.

1874

"National Art: Treasures of the Corcoran Gallery." Newark Daily Advertiser (September 29, 1874): sec. 4, 1.

1874

Ossoli, Margaret Fuller. At Home and Abroad; or, Things and Thoughts in America and Europe. Boston, 1874: 371-372.

1874

"The Corcoran Gallery." Evening Post (6 April 1874): n.p.

1874

"The Octagon Room." The Daily Graphic (March 21, 1874): 157, repro.

1874

Wiswall, E. A. "The Corcoran Gallery of Art." The Aldine, the Art Journal of America 7, no. 6 (June 1, 1874): 120.

1874

X. A. "The Art Gallery in Washington." New York Evangelist 45, no. 8 (February 19, 1874): 2.

1875

"A Contrast in the Facilities for Art Education." Daily Evening Bulletin (March 13, 1875): 2: 2.

1875

"Aunt Mehitable in Washington: By Her Niece, Alice - Letter V." Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine 90, no. 589 (May 1875): 448.

1875

"The Corcoran Art Gallery." New York Daily Tribune (January 27, 1875): 8: 3-4.

1878

Clark, William J. Great American Sculptures. Philadelphia, 1878 (1977): 45-50.

1878

Macleod, William. Catalogue of the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Washington, 1878: 58, Octagon Room, no. 1.

1879

Halsey, Calista. "A Day in the Corcoran Gallery." The Art Amateur 1, no. 3 (August 1879): 49.

1879

"Our School of Design." The Washington Post (April 4, 1879): 1.

1880

Strahan, Edward, ed. The Art Treasures of America. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1879: 1:16.

1882

Benjamin, S. G. W. "The Corcoran Gallery of Art." The Century 24, no. 6 (October 1882): 819.

1882

Macleod, William. Catalogue of the Paintings, Statuary, Casts, Bronzes, &c. of the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Washington, 1882: 63, Octagon Room, no. 1.

1884

Child, Theodore. "The Greek Slave." The Art Amateur 10, no. 4 (March 1884): 89.

1887

Macleod, William. Catalogue of the Paintings, Statuary, Casts, Bronzes, &c. of the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Washington, 1887: 70-71, Octagon Room, no. 1.

1891

"A Growing Art Center." The New York Times (January 11, 1891): 14.

1892

Corcoran Gallery of Art. The Corcoran Gallery of Art Catalogue. Washington, 1892: 87, no. 2010.

1893

Marks, Montague. "My Notebook." The Art Amateur 29, no. 5 (Oct. 1893): 104.

1897

"Art Gallery Opening." The Washington Post (January 24, 1897): 2.

1899

Boynton, Henry. "Hiram Powers." The New England Magazine 20, no. 5 (July 1899): 524, 527, 529, repro.

1904

Wilson, William Powell. "The Philippines at St. Louis." The Booklovers Magazine 4, no. 1 (July 1904): 30.

1907

Powers, Ellen Lemmi. "Recollections of My Father, By His Daughter, Ellen Lemmi Powers." The Vermonter n.s. 12 (February 1907): 75, repro.

1910

"A Daily Lesson in History." Boston Daily Globe (August 31, 1910): 12.

1913

"Powers's Greek Slave." The New York Times (November 14, 1913): 10.

1920

"Art and Artists." The Washington Post (Nov. 7, 1920): 14.

1922

Corcoran Gallery of Art. Catalogue of the Sculptures in the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Washington, 1922: 61, no. 2044, repro.

1922

Law, Frederick Houk. "Poor Boys Who Became Great." The Washington Post (June 9, 1922): 2.

1925

Rice, Diana. "Washington's Corcoran Gallery Grows." New York Times (August 30, 1925): Magazine sec., 23.

1926

Connolly, Louise. "The Greek Slave: From the Hand of Hiram Powers." The Museum (1926): n.p.

1927

Mather, Frank Jewett, Jr., Charles Rufus Morey, William James Henderson. The American Spirit in Art. The Pageant of America. 15 vols. New Haven, 1927: 12:179, 181, fig. 293, repro.

1928

Jackman, Rilla Evelyn. American Arts. Chicago, 1928 (1940): 305, pl. CLIII.

1929

Michel, André, ed. Histoire de l'art. L'Art en Europe et en Amérique au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe. 8 vols. Paris, 1905-1929 (1929): 8:1129.

1930

Taft, Lorado. The History of American Sculpture. New York, 1930: 57, 61-64, 176-177.

1937

Federal Writers' Project, Works Progress Administration. Washington: City and Capital. American Guide Series. Washington, 1937: 389.

1945

Gardner, Albert TenEyck. Yankee Stonecutters: The First American School of Sculpture 1800-1850. New York, 1945: 14-16, 29, 31-32.

1947

Seventy-Sixth Annual Report of the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Washington, 1947: 4, repro.

1949

Proctor, John Clagett. Proctor's Washington and Environs. Washington, DC, 1949: 67.

1951

Boykin, Edward. "They Blushed When She Came to Town." Washington Star (May 11, 1951): n.p., repro.

1951

Cooper, Anna J. The Life and Writings of Charlotte Forten Grimke. 2 vols. Washington, 1951: 2:38.

1956

Jones, Dorothea. Washington Is Wonderful. New York, 1956: 139.

1960

Dentler, Clara Louise. White Marble: The Life and Letters of Hiram Powers, Sculptor, 196-? Newark Museum Curatorial Files: 131-133.

1961

Ahlander, Leslie Judd. "Backbone of the Corcoran Gallery." The Washington Post and Times Herald (June 25, 1961): G6.

1961

Thorp, Margaret Farrand. "Rediscovery: A lost chapter in the history of 19th century taste: The Nudo and the Greek Slave." Art in America 49, no. 2 (1961): 46-47, repro.

1964

Farrell, Nancie Clow. "The Slave That Captivated America." The Bulletin 22, no. 4 (October 1964): 221-239, repro.

1965

Byrnes, Robert B. "Corcoran Gallery... a Treasure House of Art!" Impresario Magazine of the Arts 4, no. 3 (February 1965): 3, fig. 4, repro.

1965

Roberson, Samuel A. and William H. Gerdts. "The Greek Slave." The Museum 17, nos. 1 & 2 (Winter - Spring 1965): 1, 15.

1965

Stevens, Elisabeth. "A Nosegay of 19th Century Art." The Washington Post (June 27, 1965): G7.

1966

Proske, Beatrice Gilman. "O Pioneers." National Sculpture Review (Spring 1966): 24, repro.

1967

Dodd, Loring Holmes. Golden Moments in American Sculpture. Cambridge, MA, 1967: 13, 63.

1967

Wainwright, Nicholas B., ed. A Philadelphia Perspective: The Diary of Sidney George Fisher. Philadelphia, 1967: 198-199.

1968

Christensen, Erwin O. A Guide to Art Museums in the United States. New York, 1968: 150, no. 322, repro.

1968

Colbert, Charles. "'Each Little Hillock hath a Tongue' - Phrenology and the Art of Hiram Powers." The Art Bulletin 68, no. 2 (June 1986): 285-291, figs. 8 & 9, repro.

1969

Garrett, Wendell D. and Paul F. Norton, Aland Gowans, and Joseph T. Butler. The Arts in America: The Nineteenth Century. New York, 1969: 208-209, pl. 148.

1970

Rockland, Michael Aaron. Sarmiento's "Travels in the United States in 1847". Princeton, 1970: 277-278.

1972

Simmons, Robert Hilton. "Neglected work of a once-famed Yankee artist comes to Washington." Smithsonian 3, no. 8 (1972): 47-54, repro.

1973

Gerdts, William H. American Neo-Classic Sculpture: The Marble Resurrection. New York, 1973: 20, 22, 29, 31-34, 45-46, 51-55, fig. 4, repro.

1974

Bell, Leonard and Francis Pound. "L. J. Steele's 'Spoils to the Victor' and the 'Women in Bondage' Convention." Bulletin of New Zealand Art History. 2 vols. (1974): 2:21-22, repro.

1974

Wunder, Richard P. Hiram Powers: Vermont Sculptor. Taftsville, VT, 1974: 23-27, repro.

1976

Batterberry, Ariane Ruskin and Michael Batterberry. The Pantheon Story of American Art For Young People. New York, 1976: 71, repro.

1976

Wilmerding, John. American Art. Hammondsworth, England, and New York, 1976: 108, n. p. fig. 122, repro.

1977

Reynolds, Donald Martin. Hiram Powers and His Ideal Sculptures. New York and London, 1977: 137, 140-142, 144-150, 152-156, 158.

1978

Dean, Roberta Hampton. "The Western Art Union 1847-1851." M.A. thesis, George Washington University, Washington, 1978: 30, 34.

1979

Bogart, Michele Helene. "Attitudes Toward Sculpture Reproductions in America 1850-1880." Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1979: 137-149.

1980

Getlein, Frank, and Jo Ann Lewis. The Washington D.C. Art Review: The Art Explorer's Guide to Washington. New York, 1980: 14.

1981

Gibbs-Smith, C. H. The Great Exhibition of 1851. London, 1981: 129, fig. 184, repro.

1982

Green, Vivien M. "Hiram Powers's Greek Slave: Emblem of Freedom." The American Art Journal 14, no. 4 (Autumn 1982): 31-39, repro.

1983

Cosentino, Andrew J., and Henry H. Glassie. The Capital Image: Painters in Washington, 1800-1915. Washington, 1983: 125.

1987

Moore, Barbara. "Recalling the Melody: Planning an Installation at the Corcoran." Museum News 65, no. 4 (April 1987): 37-39, repro.

1988

Headley, Janet A. "English Literary and Aesthetic Influences on American Sculptors in Italy, 1825-1875." Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1988: 230-231, 238-253, 413, fig. 72, repro.

1989

Dillenberger, John. The Visual Arts and Christianity in America: From the Colonial Period to the Present. New York, 1989: 117, 126-128, 163, plate 76, repro.

1990

Headley, Janet A. "The (Non) Literary Sculpture of Hiram Powers." Nineteenth Century Studies 4 (1990): 23-25, 31, 34, 38, repro.

1990

Kasson, Joy S. "Narratives of the Female Body: The Greek Slave." Marble Queens and Captives: Women in Nineteenth-Century American Sculpture. New Haven, 1990: 46-72, repro.

1991

Dimmick, Lauretta. "Mythic Proportion: Bertel Thorvaldsen's Influence in America." In Thorvaldsen: L'Ambiente l'influsso il mito, edited by Patrick Kragelund and Mogens Nykjaer. Rome, 1991: 180, 184, repro.

1991

Johns, Elizabeth. American Genre Painting: The Politics of Everyday Life. New Haven, 1991: 116-117, repro.

1991

Wilmerding, John. "George Caleb Bingham's Geometries and the Shape of America." In American Views: Essays on American Art. Princeton, 1991: 190.

1991

Wunder, Richard P. Hiram Powers: Vermont Sculptor, 1805-1873. 2 vols. Newark, Delaware, 1991: 1:238-239, 244-245; 2:157, 161-162, 232, no. 192, repro.

1992

Wilson, Judith. "Getting Down to Get Over: Romare Bearden's Use of Pornography and the Problem of the Black Female Body in Afro-U.S. Art." In Black Popular Culture, edited by Michele Wallace and Gina Dent. Seattle, 1992: 115, 119-120, repro.

1993

Dearinger, David Bernard. "American Neoclassic Sculptors and Their Private Patrons in Boston." Ph.D. diss., The City University of New York (1993): 239, 244-249.

1993

Duncan, Carol. The Aesthetics of Power: Essays in Critical Art History. Cambridge, 1993: 111-112, repro.

1993

Reynolds, Donald Martin. Masters of American Sculpture: The Figurative Tradition from the American Renaissance to the Millenium. New York, 1993: 18, repro.

1993

The Human Factor: Figurative Sculpture Reconsidered. Exh. cat. The Albuquerque Museum, 1993: 2, repro.

1994

Lewis, Jo Ann. "Purchases Put Corcoran 'Back on Track:' Bierstadt Sketches, Powers Bust Complement Gallery's Collection." The Washington Post (March 18, 1994): Style sec., 2, repro.

1995

Hollander, John. The Gazer's Spirit: Poems Speaking to Silent Works of Art. Chicago, 1995: 160-162, 369, repro.

1995

Rose, Anne C. Voices of the Marketplace: American Thought and Culture, 1830-1860. New York, 1995: 105-106, repro.

1998

Wallach, Alan. Exhibiting Contradiction: Essays on the Art Museum in the United States. Amherst, 1998: 28, repro.

2000

Colaguori, Jennifer. Hiram Powers' Greek Slave and the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C., 2000.

2000

Colbert, Charles. "Spiritual Currents and Manifest Destiny in the Art of Hiram Powers." The Art Bulletin 82, no. 3 (Sept. 2000): 529-543, repro.

2000

Junker, Patricia. "Thomas Cole's Prometheus Bound: An Allegory for the 1840s." American Art Journal 31, nos. 1 & 2 (2000): 46-49, repro.

2000

Voorsanger, Catherine Hoover, and John K. Howat. Art and the Empire City: New York, 1825-1861. New Haven and London, 2000: 38, 40, 78, 158,162, 165-166.

2001

"From the Collection: Washington's Prize Possessions." The Washington Post (April 15, 2001): Arts, sec. G4, repro.

2002

Katz, Wendy Jean. Regionalism and Reform: Art and Class Formation in Antebellum Cincinnati. Columbus, 2002: 6-7, 25-26, 137-139, 142, 151-167, repro.

2002

Pohl, Frances K. Framing America: A Social History of American Art. New York, 2002: 258-259, repro.

2002

Stone, Marjorie. "Between Ethics and Anguish: Feminist Ethics, Feminist Aesthetics, and Representations of Infanticide in "The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim's Point" and Beloved." In Between Ethics and Aesthetics: Crossing the Boundaries, edited by Dorota Glowacka and Stephen Boos. Albany, NY, 2002: 132-137, repro.

2006

Dabakis, Melissa. "Ain't I A Woman?" In Seeing High and Low: Representing Social Conflict in American Visual Culture, edited by Patricia Johnston. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2006: 90-91, repro.

2006

Meslay, Olivier. "American Artists in France Before the Civil War." In American Artists and the Louvre, edited by Elizabeth Kennedy and Olivier Meslay. Exh. cat. Musée du Louvre, Paris, 2006: 50-51, repro.

2007

Ambrosini, Lynne D. "'Pure, White Radiance:' The Ideology of Marble in the Nineteenth Century." In Hiram Powers: Genius in Marble, ed. by Lynne D. Ambrosini and Rebecca A. G. Reynolds. Taft Museum of Art, Cincinnati, 2007: 19-23, repro..0

2008

Ambrosini, Lynne D. "Eyeing the Sculptural Nude: A Short History of Public Response in the Modern Era." Sculpture Review 57 (Summer 2008): 9, repro.

2009

Clapper, Michael. "Imagining the Ordinary: John Rogers's Anticlassical Genre Sculptures as Purposely Popular Art." Winterthur Portfolio 43, no. 1 (2009): 5, repro.

2009

Moore, Charlotte Emans. "Art as Text, War as Context: The Art Gallery of the Metropolitan Fair, New York City's Artistic Community, and the Civil War." Ph.D. diss. Boston University, 2009: xii, 21, 22, 62 (note 89), 551, fig. 1-2.

2010

Lessing, Lauren. "Ties That Bind: Hiram Powers's Greek Slave and Nineteenth-Century Marriage." American Art 24, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 41-65, repro.

2010

MacKay, Keith D. "The Corcoran Mansion: House of Feasts." White House History, 27 (Spring 2010): 38-39, repro.

2010

Painter, Nell Irvin. The History of White People. New York and London, 2010: 53-54, repro.

2010

Sesnic, Jelena. Mrane Zene. Prikazi zenstva u americkoj knjizevnosti. Zagreb, 2010: 62-65, repro.

2010

Wood, Marcus. The Horrible Gift of Freedom: Atlantic Slavery and the Representation of Emancipation. Athens and London, 2010: 156-160, repro.

2011

Greenhalgh, Paul. "The Origin and meaning of the Exposition Medium." In Fair World: A History of World's Fairs and Expositions From London to Shanghai, 1851-2010. Berkshire, 2011: 27, repro.

2011

Lessing, Lauren. "Angels in the Home: Adelicia Acklen's Sculpture Collection at Belmont Mansion, Nashville, Tennessee." Winterthur Portfolio 45, no. 1 (2011): 53-54, repro.

2012

Manganelli, Kimberly Snyder. Translatlantic Spectacles of Race: The Tragic Mulatta and the Tragic Muse. New Brunswick, NJ and London, 2012: 6-7, 71, 82, 87, repro.

2016

Cole, Bruce. "Breaking the Bonds of the Past." The Wall Street Journal (January 1, 2016): n. p., repro.

2017

Dickerson III, C.D. "The Sculpture Collection: Shaping a Vision, Expanding a Legacy." National Gallery of Art Bulletin 56 (Spring 2017): 17, repro.

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