National Gallery of Art

Yasuo Kuniyoshi’s early paintings, prints, and drawings feature odd, humorous, and even disconcerting subjects: frightened-looking babies with animals and anthropomorphic vegetation, for example.[1]  [1]
This entry is a revised version of text that was originally published in Corcoran Gallery of Art: American Paintings to 1945, ed. Sarah Cash (Washington, DC, 2011). When he tackled more conventional motifs, such as still lifes, landscapes, or nudes, he depicted them in a quasi-surrealistic style, from dizzying perspectives, or in odd arrangements with curious props. Cows in Pasture, ostensibly a straightforward view of a coastal New England dairy farm, is a prime example of Kuniyoshi’s subtle “strangeness,” as a critic characterized the artist’s early work.[2]  [2]
“Yasuo Kuniyoshi’s Development: Interesting Gathering of His Work Shown at the Daniel Gallery,” New York Sun, Feb. 1928, Yasuo Kuniyoshi Papers, reel D176, frame 296, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Kuniyoshi’s favorite early subject was the cow; the artist estimated he painted some 60 cow pictures during the mid-1920s.[3]  [3]
Lloyd Goodrich, Yasuo Kuniyoshi Retrospective Exhibition (New York, 1948), 13. A woodblock print of a kneeling heifer was emblazoned on the cover of Kuniyoshi’s first solo exhibition catalog, Paintings and Drawings by Yasuo Kuniyoshi (New York, [1922]). His preoccupation with the animal and the gravity with which he treated it earned him the label of satirist, a charge he would later counter:

I wasn’t trying to be funny but everyone thought I was. I was painting cows and cows at that time because somehow I felt very near to the cow. . . . You see, I was born, judging by the Japanese calendar, in a “cow year.” According to legend I believed my fate to be guided, more or less, by the bovine kingdom.[4]  [4]
Yasuo Kuniyoshi, “East to West,” Magazine of Art (Feb. 1940): 75–77.

Kuniyoshi’s association with a bovine guardian spirit prompts an autobiographical interpretation of Cows in Pasture. The young artist was enjoying a spell of good fortune at this time. He had been given his first solo exhibition in 1922 at the Daniel Gallery in New York, having recently found a patron in the respected painter, critic, and teacher Hamilton Easter Field. In 1919, Field invited Kuniyoshi to attend classes at his art colony in Ogunquit, Maine, a coastal village about 70 miles north of Boston, where Kuniyoshi married Katherine Schmidt, a classmate at the Art Students League.

Kuniyoshi cultivated his infatuation with the cow in Ogunquit. As he wrote to his friend the artist Reginald Marsh in 1922: “Things round here very quiet at present and . . . just [suits] . . . us[.] [W]e started working . . . last week and as usually [here] I begin with a cow[.]”[5]  [5]
Kuniyoshi to Marsh, June 14, 1922, Reginald Marsh Papers, reel D308, frame 38, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Maine’s “severe landscape,” which Kuniyoshi later reverently called his “God,” provided the setting for Cows in Pasture.[6]  [6]
Yasuo Kuniyoshi, “Autobiographical Notes,” Aug. 24, 1944, typescript, Kuniyoshi Papers, unmicrofilmed, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Maine was also where Kuniyoshi and his Ogunquit compatriots mined American folk art for the stylistic inspiration evident in Cows in Pasture. “Most of the summer colony in Maine last year,” wrote one observer in 1924, “went mad on the subject of American primitives, and . . . the Kuniyoshis stripped all the cupboards bare of primitives in the Maine antique shops.”[7]  [7]
“Show at Whitney Studio Galleries, ‘Early American Art,’” New York Herald, Feb. 17, 1924.

The large scale and flat profiles of Kuniyoshi’s cattle in Cows in Pasture recall the kinds of folk art the Ogunquit artists admired, especially 18th- and 19th-century livestock portraits commissioned by proud farmers [fig. 1]   [fig. 1] H. Call, Prize Bull, 1876, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Gift of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch, 1980.62.3. But the expressive eyes of Kuniyoshi’s cows endow these animals with a sentience that is more reminiscent of the benign beasts in Edward Hicks’s allegorical Peaceable Kingdom pictures (see, for example, [fig. 2]   [fig. 2] Edward Hicks, Peaceable Kingdom, c. 1834, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Gift of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch, 1980.62.15). Hicks’s canvases depict the fulfillment of Isaiah’s Old Testament prophecy, in which the calf and the lion live happily together.

Cows in Pasture, though, does not merely mimic a naïve style. Rather, the painting testifies to Kuniyoshi’s attempt to reconcile a complex set of artistic traditions, cultural influences, and personal symbols. The disjunctive scale, peculiar geometries, unstable perspective, and oversize animal characters are reminiscent of recent developments in avant-garde European art. Following the 1913 Armory Show, Kuniyoshi admitted that he “tried . . . radical kind[s] of painting without understanding [and] imitated [the] worst side of Van Gogh, Cézanne, Gauguin.”[8]  [8]
Yasuo Kuniyoshi, “Autobiographical Notes,” August 24, 1944, typescript, Kuniyoshi Papers, unmicrofilmed, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. See also Kuniyoshi, “East to West,” Magazine of Art (Feb. 1940): 74. Paul Cézanne’s influence is apparent in the geometric emphasis in Cows in Pasture, particularly in the accordioned cliff faces, boxy farm buildings, and triangular cows.[9]  [9]
Although Kuniyoshi claimed he “hadn’t been influenced by him at all,” his totemic bovines recall Marc Chagall’s whimsical folkloric imagery. Cows in Pasture also brings to mind the simplified geometric style, intense palette, and zoological subjects of Franz Marc’s symbolic paintings; Kuniyoshi admitted he was “greatly influenced by the German expressionist group,” of which Marc would be considered a member. Lloyd Goodrich, “Notes on Conversation with Yasuo Kuniyoshi,” Whitney Museum Papers, reel N670, frame 82, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. The work of Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853 - 1890) and Paul Gauguin (French, 1848 - 1903) appears to have been even more compelling to Kuniyoshi; both artists borrowed their expressive line, flat areas of intense color, and dramatic asymmetry from the Japanese art that had surrounded Kuniyoshi when he was younger [fig. 3]   [fig. 3] Paul Gauguin, Haystacks in Brittany, 1890, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Gift of the W. Averell Harriman Foundation in Memory of Marie N. Harriman, 1972.9.11. “My tendency,” he said, “was two-dimensional. My inheritance was shape-painting, like kakemonos [scroll-painting].”[10]  [10]
Lloyd Goodrich, “Notes on Conversation with Yasuo Kuniyoshi,” Whitney Museum Papers, reel N670, frame 68, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. On Kuniyoshi’s incorporation of his Japanese heritage into his work, see Gail Levin, “Between Two Worlds: Folk Culture, Identity, and the American Art of Yasuo Kuniyoshi,” Archives of American Art Journal 43, nos. 3–4 (2003): 2–17.

Kuniyoshi’s artistic circle saw evidence of modernism’s native roots in the formal similarities between European modernism and American folk art and colonial art.[11]  [11]
Doreen Bolger, “Hamilton Easter Field and His Contribution to American Modernism,” American Art Journal 20, no. 2 (1988): 94. Americana was championed as a valid, indigenous source for modern art. This subtext might have resonated more significantly for the Japanese-born Kuniyoshi. Painting reassuring subjects with precedents in early American art enabled him to express his interest in recent European painterly innovations and traditional Japanese graphic techniques without fear of censure or judgment of foreignness. That Kuniyoshi was not completely successful was hinted at by the critic Henry McBride, who contended: “Those unacquainted with the art of Yasuo Kuniyoshi . . . will probably rub their eyes and wonder whether they are in Japan, Maine or Mars.”[12]  [12]
Henry McBride, “Robust Art of Yasuo Kuniyoshi,” New York Herald, Jan. 3, [1925], clipping, Kuniyoshi Papers, reel D176, frame 167, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Kuniyoshi eventually abandoned the barnyard subjects and what critics saw as the “mischievous humor” of his earlier paintings.[13]  [13]
“The World of Art,” New York Times Book Review, Jan. 15, 1923. By the 1940s his “queer rectangular cows” were replaced with desolate landscapes and still lifes composed of wrecked objects, masks, and semilegible antiwar rhetoric [fig. 4]   [fig. 4] Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Headless Horse Who Wants to Jump, 1945, oil on canvas, Ohara Museum of Art, Kurashiki, Japan.[14]  [14]
“Art in Review: Kuniyoshi, in New One-Man Exhibit at Downtown Gallery, Shows Considerable Progress,” New York Times, Feb. 8, 1933. It is quite possible that this shift occurred in response to the political and social developments of the intervening decades. As a Japanese immigrant, Kuniyoshi was the subject of intense suspicion following Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. He was questioned by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and was briefly placed under house arrest, despite being outspokenly prodemocracy, anti-imperialist, and antifascist.[15]  [15]
Sara Mazo Kuniyoshi, interview, in Tom Wolf, “The War Years,” in Yasuo Kuniyoshi (New York, 1986), n.p. See also ShiPu Wang, “Japan against Japan: U.S. Propaganda and Yasuo Kuniyoshi’s Identity Crisis,” American Art 22, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 28–51. He articulated the dire situation in a letter to his friend and the first owner of Cows in Pasture, the artist George Biddle (American, 1885 - 1973), on December 11, 1941: “A few short days has changed my status in this country, although I have not changed at all.”[16]  [16]
Kuniyoshi to Biddle, draft, Dec. 11, 1941, Kuniyoshi Papers, unmicrofilmed, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. It is not difficult to imagine that Kuniyoshi’s “broken, worn, used up . . . rotting” subjects of the 1940s reflect the artist’s personal difficulties, just as his talismanic cows of the 1920s were products of that earlier, happier time.[17]  [17]
Yasuo Kuniyoshi, “Autobiographical Notes,” Aug. 24, 1944, typescript, Kuniyoshi Papers, unmicrofilmed, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Kuniyoshi, after all, described his creative process as “feeling, imagination and intuition mingled with reality [that] creates more than actuality, evokes an inner meaning indicative of one’s experience, time, circumstances and environment. This is reality.”[18]  [18]
Yasuo Kuniyoshi, “Attitude towards Nature; Statement for Ray Berther’s [Bethers’s] Book, How Paintings Happen [published, New York, 1951],” Kuniyoshi Papers, unmicrofilmed, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Adam Greenhalgh

September 29, 2016