Giovanni II Bentivoglio

c. 1474/1477

Ercole de' Roberti

Artist, Ferrarese, c. 1455/1456 - 1496

The head and chest of a clean-shaven, pale-skinned man is shown in profile facing our right, in front of a curtain opening onto a sliver of a distant landscape in this vertical portrait painting. The man’s eye we can see is hazel under a thin brow, and he has a straight nose over a closed, peach-colored mouth. A crease running from the side of his nose to the corner of his mouth is lightly shaded, and his cheek flushes light pink. His straight, auburn-brown hair is cut to angle from his brow down to his neck. He wears a tall scarlet-red cap and a brown and gold tunic pleated in vertical folds down the front. The tunic is patterned with stylized leaves and vines in gold against the brown background. The neckline is lined with smoke gray, and the high neck of a garment beneath is patterned with gray leaves against brick red. The marine-blue, nearly black, cloth behind him covers most of the background. A narrow view along the right edge of the composition opens onto a landscape with the ruins of a terracotta-colored gate and city wall closer to us, though still deep in the distance. Even farther back is a walled town with gray and pale peach towers and crenellated walls. Spires are silhouetted against azure-blue mountains, hazy along the horizon in the distance, under a pale, ice-blue sky.

Media Options

This object’s media is free and in the public domain. Read our full Open Access policy for images.
On View

West Building Main Floor, Gallery 13

Artwork overview

  • Medium

    tempera on poplar panel

  • Credit Line

    Samuel H. Kress Collection

  • Dimensions

    overall: 54 × 38.1 cm (21 1/4 × 15 in.)
    framed: 83.82 × 66.68 × 12.7 cm (33 × 26 1/4 × 5 in.)

  • Accession

    1939.1.219

Artwork history & notes

Provenance

Acquired in Italy by Louis-Charles Timbal [1821-1880], Paris, before 1871;[1] sold 29 November 1872 with his collection to Gustave Dreyfus [1837-1914], Paris;[2] his heirs; sold 1930 with the entire Dreyfus collection to (Duveen Brothers, Inc., London, New York, and Paris); sold May 1936 to the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, New York;[3] gift 1939 to NGA.
[1] The painting was attributed by Timbal to Piero, according to the list of art objects sold by Timbal to Dreyfus (copy of the list in NGA curatorial files, dated 29 November 1872). A provenance from the University in Bologna, as reported by Rosemarie Molajoli, L'opera completa di Cosmé Tura e i grandi pittor ferraresei del suo tempo: Francesco Cossa e Ercole de' Roberti, Milan, 1974: 98, and Fern Rusk Shapley, Catalogue of the Italian Paintings, 2 vols., Washington, D.C., 1979: 1:407, remains undemonstrated. Nor is it convincing to identify the NGA's painting and its pendant, Ginevra Bentivoglio (NGA 1939.1.220), with likenesses mentioned by Antonio di Paolo Masini in the seventeenth century. Molajoli and Shapley (see above citations) stated that, according to Masini's Bologna perlustrata, Bologna, 1966: Part I, 213, there were portraits attributed to Cossa by Masini that fit the description of the NGA pair. The erroneous identification of the Gallery's portraits with those mentioned by Masini is repeated by Monica Molteni, Ercole de' Roberti, Milan, 1995: 129. Actually, the portraits discussed by Masini flanked the Madonna del Baraccano, an older work that Giovanni I Bentivoglio and Bente Bentivoglio had Cossa alter in the 1470s. Even supposing that Masini's passage somehow describes the NGA portraits, one must note that the male sitter is described as being eighteen years of age (far younger that Giovanni II's likeness in the NGA) and the directions the couple face do not correspond to Masini's description ("Bente vi fabricò un altare, ed a destra vi si fece ritrare al vivo in età d'anni 18 ed a sinistra la sudetta Donna, per mano del pittore Francesco Cossa..." ["Bente had an altar built there and to the right had himself portrayed at the age of 18 and at the left the earlier-mentioned woman, by the hand of Francesco Cossa"]). Furthermore, the whole passage by Masini is criticized for its inaccuracies and impossible dates by an editor of Giovanni Baruffaldi, Vite de' pittori e scultori ferrarese, 2 vols., Ferrara, 1844: 1:17-19. In short, there is no known provenance for the NGA's diptych from before the nineteenth century.
[2] The provenance previous to 1872 is known from Fritz Harck, "Die Fresken im Palazzo Schifanoia in Ferrara," Jb Berlin 5 (1884): 118; Wilhelm Bode, "Die Ausbeute aus den Magazinen der Königlichen Gemälde Galerie zu Berlin," Jb Berlin 8 (1887): 126; and information on the back of a photograph in the Frick Art Reference Library, New York.
[3] The Duveen Brothers letter confirming the sale of thirteen paintings and one sculpture, including NGA 1939.1.219 and .220, is dated 18 May 1936; the provenance is given as "Dreyfus Coll'n" (copy in NGA curatorial files; Box 474, Folder 5, Duveen Brothers Records, accession number 960015, Research Library, The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles). See also The Kress Collection Digital Archive, https://kress.nga.gov/Detail/objects/937.

Associated Names

Exhibition History

1934

  • Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, 1934.

1940

  • Italian Renaissance Portraits, M. Knoedler and Company, New York, 1940, no. 8, repro.

1979

  • Berenson and the Coinnoisseurship of Italian Painting, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1979, no. 54, repro.

2001

  • Virtue and Beauty: Leonardo's 'Ginevra de' Benci' and Renaissance Portraits of Women, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 2001-2002, no. 2A, color repro.

2015

  • Loan for display with permanent collection, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, 2015.

Bibliography

1886

  • Ephrussi, Charles. "Les Médailleurs de la Renaissance par M. Alöiss Heiss." Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1886): 72, repro.

1887

  • Bode, Wilhelm von. "Die Ausbeute aus den Magazinen der Königlichen Gemäldegalerie zu Berlin." Jahrbuch der Königlish Preussischen Kunstsammlungen. 8 (1887):126

1888

  • Gruyer, Gustave. "Les Livres a gravures sur bois." Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1888):428

1889

  • Bode, Wilhelm von. "La Renaissance au Musée de Berlin." Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1889):117 as by Francesco del Cossa

1897

  • Gruyer, Gustave. L'Art ferrarais a l'époque des princes d'Este. Paris, 1897:120, as by Francesco del Cossa.

1901

  • Venturi, Adolfo. Storia dell'Arte Italiana. 11 vols. Milan, 1901-1940: 7(1914): 653, repro., as by Francesco del Cossa.

1902

  • Cook, Herbert. "Trésors de l'art en Italien en Angleterre." Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1902):452-453, repro. as attributed to Bianchi.

1905

  • Reinach, Salomon. Répertoire de peintures du moyen âge et de la Renaissance (1280-1580). 6 vols. Paris, 1905-1923: 3(1910):241, as by Francesco del Cossa.

1907

  • Berenson, Bernard. North Italian Painters of the Renaissance. New York and London, 1907: 218, as by Maineri or possibly Bianchi.

1908

  • Les Arts 73 (January 1908):10, repro., as by Francesco del Cossa.

1915

  • Cook, Herbert. "Further Light on Baldassare d'Este." The Burlington Magazine 27 (1915):98+ as by Baldassare d'Este

1918

  • Colasanti, Arduino. "The Presumed Portrait of Giovanni Bentivoglio in the Boston Museum". Art in America 6 (1918): 90, mention as by follower of Francesco del Cossa

1925

  • "La collection Gustave Dreyfus." L'Amour de l'art (1925):331, repro., as by Francesco del Cossa

1930

  • International Studio (August 1930): 65

1931

  • Mayer, August L. "Die Sammlung Gustave Dreyfus." Pantheon 7 (1931):11, repro.

1933

  • Venturi, Lionello. Italian Paintings in America. 3 vols. New York and Milan, 1933: 2:352, as by Francesco del Cossa.

1934

  • Longhi, Roberto. Officina Ferrarese. Rome, 1934: 75, repro.; rev. ed. Florence, 1956: 46-47, repro.

1937

  • Ady, Cecilia M. The Bentivoglio of Bologna: A Study in Depotism. Oxford, 1937:repro.

1940

  • Frankfurter, Alfred M. "Great Renaissance Portraits: A Unique Exhibition of Twenty-five Italian Masterpieces." Art News (March 16, 1940):repro.

  • Suida, Wilhelm. "Die Sammlung Kress, New York." Pantheon 26 (1940): 273, repro.

1941

  • Ortolani, Sergio. Cosmè Tura, Francesco del Cossa, Ercole de'Roberti. Milan, 1941:158, repro.

  • Richter, George Martin. "The New National Gallery in Washington." The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 78 (June 1941): 178, as by Francesco del Cossa.

  • Duveen Brothers. Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America. New York, 1941: no. 63, repro., as by Francesco Cossa.

  • Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941: 170, no. 330..

1942

  • Book of Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1942: 246, repro. 178.

1944

  • Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. Masterpieces of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1944: 54, color repro.

  • Frankfurter, Alfred M. The Kress Collection in the National Gallery. New York, 1944: 33, repro.

1945

  • Shapley, Fern Rusk. "A Portrait of Francesco Sforza." The Art Quarterly 8 (Winter 1945): 37.

  • Paintings and Sculpture from the Kress Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1945 (reprinted 1947, 1949): 80, repro.

1951

  • Einstein, Lewis. Looking at Italian Pictures in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, 1951: 50-53, repro.

1958

  • Neppi, Alberto. Francesco Del Cossa. Milan, 1958.

1959

  • Ruhmer, Eberhard. Francesco Del Cossa. Munich, 1959:93, repro.

  • Paintings and Sculpture from the Samuel H. Kress Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1959: 118, repro.

  • Shapley, Fern Rusk. Early Italian Painting in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C., 1959 (Booklet Number Three in Ten Schools of Painting in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.): 34, color repro.

1960

  • Salmi, Mario. Ercole de' Roberti. Milan, 1960: 19, repro.

1961

  • Walker, John, Guy Emerson, and Charles Seymour. Art Treasures for America: An Anthology of Paintings & Sculpture in the Samuel H. Kress Collection. London, 1961: 48, color repro. pl. 43.

1963

  • Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 301, repro.

1964

  • Ruhmer, Eberhard. "Ein Madonnenbild nach Francesco del Cossa." Pantheon XII, no. 2 (March/April 1964):79

1965

  • Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 115.

1966

  • Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 1:64, color repro.

  • Shapley, Fern Rusk. Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection: Italian Schools, XIII-XV Century. London, 1966: 86-87, fig. 232.

1968

  • National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 103, repro.

  • Berenson, Bernard. Italian Pictures of the Renaissance. Central Italian and North Italian Schools. 3 vols. London, 1968: 1:121.

1974

  • Molajoli, Rosemarie. L'Opera completa di Cosmè Tura e i grandi pittori ferraresi del suo tempo: Francesco Cossa e Ercole de'Roberti. Milan, 1974:no. 123, repro.

1975

  • European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 306, repro.

1978

  • Sleptzoff, L.M. Men or Supermen? The Italian Portrait in the Fifteenth Century. Jerusalem, 1978:61-62

1979

  • Shapley, Fern Rusk. Catalogue of the Italian Paintings. 2 vols. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1979: 1:406-407; 2:pl. 288.

1984

  • Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 112, no. 89, color repro.

1985

  • European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 353, repro.

1992

  • Manca, Joseph. The Art of Ercole de’ Roberti. Cambridge, 1992: 11, 21, 34-35, 104-106, fig. 5a.

1993

  • Gagliardi, Jacques. La conquête de la peinture: L’Europe des ateliers du XIIIe au XVe siècle. Paris, 1993: 496, fig. 602.

2003

  • Boskovits, Miklós, and David Alan Brown, et al. Italian Paintings of the Fifteenth Century. The Systematic Catalogue of the National Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C., 2003: 602-607, color repro.

2004

  • Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 27, no. 20, color repros.

2011

  • Christiansen, Keith, and Stefan Wepplemann, eds. The Renaissance Portrait from Donatello to Bellini. Exh. cat. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 2011: 194.

2018

  • Schumacher, Andreas, ed. Florence and its Painters: From Giotto to Leonardo da Vinci. Exh. cat. Alte Pinakothek, Munich, 2018: 308.

2024

  • de Liberali, Gloria." "Divae Ginervrae".Ginevra Sforza Bentivoglio in words and images." The Medal 85 (2024): 10, fig. 7.

Wikidata ID

Q20174104

You may be interested in

Loading Results