Madonna and Child
c. 1310/1315
Artist, Florentine, c. 1265 - 1337

Giotto's explorations and innovations in art during the early 14th century developed, a full century later, into the Italian Renaissance. Besides making panel paintings, he executed many fresco cycles—the most famous at the Arena Chapel, Padua—and he also worked as an architect and sculptor.
Transformed by Giotto, the stylized figures in paintings such as the Enthroned Madonna and Child took on human, believable qualities. Whereas his Sienese contemporary Duccio concentrated on line, pattern, and shape arranged on a flat plane, the Florentine Giotto emphasized mass and volume, a classical approach to form. By giving his figures a blocky, corporeal character, the artist introduced great three-dimensional plasticity to painting.
Painted during the latter part of Giotto's career, the Madonna and Child was the central part of a five-section polyptych, or altarpiece in many panels (see Reconstruction). Giotto utilized a conservative Byzantine-style background in gold leaf, symbolizing the realm of heaven, and included a white rose, the traditional symbol of Mary's purity as well as a reference to the innocence lost through Original Sin. Yet, the Madonna and Child introduces a new naturalistic trend in painting. Instead of making the blessing gesture of a philosopher, the infant Christ grasps his mother's left index finger in a typically baby-like way as he playfully reaches for the flower that she holds.

West Building Main Floor, Gallery 1
Artwork overview
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Medium
tempera on poplar panel
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Credit Line
-
Dimensions
painted surface: 85.4 × 61.8 cm (33 5/8 × 24 5/16 in.)
overall (including added strips): 87.7 × 63.2 × 1.3 cm (34 1/2 × 24 7/8 × 1/2 in.)
framed: 128.3 x 72.1 x 5.1 cm (50 1/2 x 28 3/8 x 2 in.) -
Accession
1939.1.256
More About this Artwork
Artwork history & notes
Provenance
Probably commissioned for the church of Santa Croce or the church of Ognissanti, both Florence.[1] Edouard-Alexandre de Max [1869-1924], Paris;[2] sold 1917 to (Duveen Brothers, Inc., London, New York, and Paris); sold to Henry Goldman [1857-1937], New York, by 1920;[3] sold 1 February 1937 back to (Duveen Brothers, Inc., London, New York, and Paris);[4] sold 1939 to the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, New York;[5] gift 1939 to NGA.
[1] Peter Murray's compilation of polyptychs by Giotto (An Index of attributions made in Tuscan Sources before Vasari, Florence, 1959: 79-89), complemented by the work of Michael Viktor Schwarz and Pia Theis (Giottus pictor, 2 vols., Viienna, Cologne, and Weimar, 2004: 1:285-303), lists, apart from the polyptych in the church of the Badia in Florence, four panels in the church of Santa Croce, one in San Giorgio alla Costa, a Crucifix and a now lost image of Saint Louis of Toulouse formerly in Santa Maria novella, and a Crucifix and four panels in Ognissanti.
[2] Edward Fowles, who managed the Paris office of Duveen Brothers, recalls in his memoirs, “In the autumn of 1917, our old friend Charles Wakefield Mori took me to see an early Florentine Madonna and Child (attributed to Giotto) which belonged to Max, the famous actor of the Comédie Française [in Paris]. As I examined the painting in Max’s bedroom . . . he told me it had been given to his great aunt by the Pope. Berenson considered it an excellent work . . . [by Bernardo Daddi] . . . we agreed to purchase the painting. Berenson later supervised its cleaning and confessed that he was beginning to perceive certain Giottesque qualities . . . I had an Italian frame made for the painting. . . .” (Edward Fowles, Memories of Duveen Brothers, London, 1976: 104). In a letter of 31 October 1958, to Carlyle Burrows (see note 5 below), Fowles relates that he “bought the picture just 44 years ago,” which would have put the purchase in 1914 (Duveen Brothers Records, accession number 960015, Research Library, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles: reel 101, box 246, folder 3; copy in NGA curatorial files). The former owner’s story about the painting’s provenance does not seem plausible; at any rate no evidence can be adduced to corroborate it. On the Romanian-born Edouard de Max, friend of Cocteau and leading tragedian on the Parisian stage in the first decade of the century, see Louis Delluc, Chez de Max, Paris, 1918.
[3] The painting was displayed in the Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition (1920) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, as part of the Goldman Collection.
[4] See the letter of 5 January 1937, from Henry Goldman to Duveen Brothers, in which he confirms the sale to the company of nine paintings and one sculpture (Duveen Brothers Records, reel 312, box 457, folder 4; see also reel 89, box 234, folder 23, and reel 101, box 246, folders 2 and 3; copies in NGA curatorial files).
[5] Carlyle Burrows states this in an article in the New York Herald Tribune (30 October 1958): 5. See also The Kress Collection Digital Archive, https://kress.nga.gov/Detail/objects/1327.
Associated Names
Exhibition History
1920
Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1920, unnumbered catalogue, as by Bernardo Daddi.
1924
Loan Exhibition of Important Early Italian Paintings in the Possession of Notable American Collectors, Duveen Brothers, New York, 1924, no. 15, as by Bernardo Daddi (no. 2 in illustrated 1926 version of catalogue, as by Giotto, or an Assistant).
1930
Exhibition of Italian Art 1200-1900, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1930, no. 16, as Attributed to Giotto (no. 8, pl. V in commemorative catalogue published 1931; not in souvenir catalogue).
1979
Berenson and the Connoisseurship of Italian Painting, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1979, no. 43, repro.
2012
Florence at the Dawn of the Renaissance: Painting and Illumination, 1300-1350, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, 2012-2013, no. 2, repro. (shown only in Los Angeles).
2013
Giotto e compagni, Musée du Louvre, Paris, 2013, no. 12, repro.
Bibliography
1920
Berenson, Bernard. "Italian Paintings." Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 15 (1920): 160, 161 repro., as by Bernardo Daddi.
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1922
Valentiner, Wilhelm R. The Henry Goldman Collection. New York, 1922: n.p., Introduction, no. 1.
1923
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1924
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1925
Mather, Frank Jewett. "Two Attributions to Giotto." Art Studies 3 (1925): 25-27, fig. 2.
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1926
Valentiner, Wilhelm R. A Catalogue of Early Italian Paintings Exhibited at the Duveen Galleries, April to May 1924. New York, 1926: n.p., Introduction, no. 2, repro.
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1927
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1928
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1929
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1930
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1931
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1932
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1933
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1934
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1935
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1936
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1937
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1938
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1939
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1940
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1941
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Richter, George Martin. "The New National Gallery in Washington." The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 78 (June 1941): 177, 179, pl. B.
Frankfurter, Alfred M. "On the Italian Renaissance Painters in the National Gallery." Art News 40 (15-31 March 1941): 15, repro. 20.
Coletti, Luigi. I Primitivi. 3 vols. Novara, 1941-1947: 1(1941):56, pl. 116.
1942
Book of Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1942: 247, repro. 115.
Vasari, Giorgio. Le vite dei più eccellenti pittori, scultori ed architetti. Edited by Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti. 4 vols. Milan, 1942-1949: 4(1949):282 n. 69.
1943
Sinibaldi, Giulia, and Giulia Brunetti, eds. Pittura italiana del Duecento e Trecento: catalogo della mostra giottesca di Firenze del 1937. Exh. cat. Galleria degli Uffizi. Florence, 1943: 323, 325, 339, 361.
1944
Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds., Masterpieces of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1944: 18, color repro.
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1945
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1950
Florisoone, Michel. Giotto. Paris, 1950: 117.
1951
Einstein, Lewis. Looking at Italian Pictures in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, 1951: 18-20, repro.
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1952
Salvini, Roberto, ed. Tutta la pittura di Giotto. Biblioteca d’arte Rizzoli. Milan, 1952: 22, 46, pl. 181.
1953
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1954
Shorr, Dorothy C. The Christ Child in Devotional Images in Italy During the XIV Century. New York, 1954: 110, 111, repro. 114.
1955
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1956
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1957
Zeri, Federico. "Due appunti su Giotto." Paragone 8/85 (1957): 78.
1958
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1959
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1960
The National Gallery of Art and Its Collections. Foreword by Perry B. Cott and notes by Otto Stelzer. National Gallery of Art, Washington (undated, 1960s): 19.
Battisti, Eugenio. Giotto. Geneva, 1960: 115-117.
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1961
Walker, John, Guy Emerson, and Charles Seymour. Art Treasures for America: An Anthology of Paintings and Sculpture in the Samuel H. Kress Collection. London, 1961: 4-6, repro.
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1962
Procacci, Ugo. "La tavola di Giotto dell’altar Maggiore della Chiesa della Badia fiorentina." In Scritti di storia dell’arte in onore di Mario Salmi. Edited by Filippa Aliberti. 3 vols. Rome, 1962: 2:26 n. 40.
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1963
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 68, repro.
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1964
Constable, William George. Art Collecting in the United States of America: An Outline of a History. London, 1964: 135.
Previtali, Giovanni. Giotto: seconda parte. I maestri del colore 27. Milan, 1964: pl. 13.
1965
Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 58.
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1966
Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 1:8, color repro.
Shapley, Fern Rusk. Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection: Italian Schools, XIII-XV Century. London, 1966: 20-22, fig. 41-42.
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1967
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Previtali, Giovanni. Giotto e la sua bottega. Milan, 1967: 112-113, 317 (repro.), 376-377, pl. 79.
1968
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 51, repro.
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1969
Bologna, Ferdinando. I pittori alla corte angioina di Napoli, 1266-1414, e un riesame dell’arte nell’età fridericiana. Rome, 1969: 199, 229 n. 81.
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1971
Battisti, Eugenio. Piero della Francesca. 2 vols. Milan, 1971: 1:528 n. 548.
Martinelli, Valentino. "Contributo alla conoscenza dell’ultimo Giotto." In Giotto e il suo tempo: Atti del congresso internazionale per la celebrazione del VII centenario della nascità di Giotto. Rome, 1971: 399-400.
Smart, Alistair. The Assisi Problem and the Art of Giotto: A Study of the Legend of St. Francis in the Upper Church of San Francesco, Assisi. Oxford, 1971: 65.
1972
Fredericksen, Burton B., and Federico Zeri. Census of Pre-Nineteenth Century Italian Paintings in North American Public Collections. Cambridge, Mass., 1972: 87, 311, 645, 661.
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1973
De Benedictis, Cristina. Giotto: Bibliografia, Vol. 2 (1937-1970). Rome, 1973: 537.
Shapley, Fern Rusk. Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection: Italian Schools, XVI-XVIII Century. London, 1973: 382.
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1974
Pesenti, Franco Renzo. "Dismembered works of art - Italian painting." In An Illustrated Inventory of Famous Dismembered Works of Art: European Painting. Paris, 1974: 20, 28-29, repro.
Bellosi, Luciano. Buffalmacco e il Trionfo della morte. Turin, 1974: 52, fig. 93.
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Previtali, Giovanni. Giotto e la sua bottega. 2nd ed. Milan, 1974: 112-113, 317 (repro.), 318, 335, 377, pl. 79.
1975
European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 154, repro.
Boskovits, Miklós. Pittura fiorentina alla vigilia del Rinascimento, 1370-1400. Florence, 1975: 5, 15, 244 n. 13.
Tantillo Mignosi, Almamaria. "Osservazioni sul transetto della Basilica Inferiore di Assisi." Bollettino d’arte 60 (1975): 136, 141 n. 38.
1976
Fowles, Edward. Memories of Duveen Brothers. London, 1976: 104.
1977
Bellosi, Luciano. "Moda e cronologia: A) gli affreschi della Basilica Inferiore di Assisi." Prospettiva 10 (1977): 26, 28, fig. 24.
Bellosi, Luciano. "Moda e cronologia: B) per la pittura di primo Trecento." Prospettiva 11 (1977): 13 (repro.), 14.
1978
Fahy, Everett. "Italian Paintings at Fenway Court and Elsewhere." The Connoisseur 198, no. 795 (1978): 29.
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1979
Shapley, Fern Rusk. Catalogue of the Italian Paintings. National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. Washington, 1979: 1:219-221; 2:pl. 149.
Watson, Ross. The National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1979: 19, pl. 2.
Caleca, Antonino, Gaetano Nencini, Giovanna Piancastelli, and Enzo Carli. Pisa, Museo delle Sinopie del Camposanto monumentale. Pisa, 1979: 68.
1980
Conti, Alessandro. "Un Crocifisso nella bottega di Giotto." Prospettiva 20 (1980): 48, 56 n. 15.
1981
Bellosi, Luciano. Giotto. Florence, 1981: 71, 72, fig. 147.
1982
Christiansen, Keith. "Fourteenth-Century Italian Altarpieces." Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 40 (1982): 50, 54.
Ladis, Andrew. Taddeo Gaddi: Critical Reappraisal and Catalogue Raisonné. Columbia, 1982: repro. 23.
Pietralunga, Fra Ludovico da, and Pietro Scarpellini (intro. and comm.). Descrizione della Basilica di S. Francesco e di altri Santuari di Assisi. Treviso, 1982: 245.
1983
Brandi, Cesare. Giotto. Milan, 1983: 147-149 (repro.), 150, repro. 186.
Ladis, Andrew. "An Early Trecento Madonna Uncovered." Antichità viva 22 (1983): 7, 8, fig. 8.
1984
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 71, no. 10, color repro.
Boskovits, Miklós. "Una vetrata e un frammento d’affresco di Giotto nel museo di Santa Croce." In Scritti di storia dell’arte in onore di Federico Zeri. 2 vols. Milan, 1984: 1:44 n. 7.
Ercoli, Giuliano. "Una Precisazione per Giotto, Boccaccio e Giovanni di Pagolo Morelli." In Scritti di storia dell’arte in onore di Roberto Salvini. Florence, 1984: 197.
1985
European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 177, repro.
Boskovits, Miklós. The Martello Collection: Paintings, Drawings and Miniatures from the XIVth to the XVIIIth Centuries. Florence, 1985: 97.
Bonsanti, Giorgio. Giotto. Padua, 1985: 53, 55-56, 172-174, pl. 172.
1986
Castelnuovo, Enrico, ed. La Pittura in Italia. Il Duecento e il Trecento. 2 vols. Milan, 1986: 1:293; 2:576.
1987
Tartuferi, Angelo. "Dipinti del Due e Trecento alla mostra ‘Capolavori e Restauri.’" Paragone 38, no. 445 (1987): 53, 59 n. 30.
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1988
Davies, Martin, and Dillian Gordon. National Gallery Catalogues. The Earlier Italian Schools. Rev. ed. London, 1988: 30.
1989
Bandera Bistoletti, Sandrina. Giotto: catalogo completo dei dipinti. Florence, 1989: 126, repro. 129.
Gordon, Dillian. "A Dossal by Giotto and His Workshop: Some Problems of Attribution, Provenance and Patronage." The Burlington Magazine 131 (1989): 526.
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1990
Testi Cristiani, Maria Laura. "‘Circostanze avignonesi’: il crocifisso double-face del cardinale Godin a Tolosa, 1." Critica d’arte 55 (1990): 50 (repro.), 56.
1991
"The National Gallery of Art, Washington: fifty years." Apollo 133, no. 349 (March 1991):156, repro.
Kopper, Philip. America's National Gallery of Art: A Gift to the Nation. New York, 1991: 185, 188, color repro.
Gardner, Julian. "Review of a Critical and Historical Corpus of Florentine Painting: The Fourteenth Century. The Works of Bernardo Daddi, Section III, Volume 3, by R. Offner. New Edition by M. Boskovits in Collaboration with E. Neri Lusanna." The Burlington Magazine 133 (1991): 201.
Simon, Robin. "The National Gallery of Art, Washington. Fifty Years of Private Collecting for the Public Good." Apollo 133 (March 1991): 156, repro.
Tomei, Alessandro. "Giotto." In Enciclopedia dell’arte medievale. Edited by Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana. 12 vols. Rome, 1991-2002: 6(1996):671.
1992
National Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1992: 12, repro.
Bonsanti, Giorgio. "La bottega di Giotto e la Croce di San Felice." In La croce giottesca di San Felice in Piazza: storia e restauro. Edited by Magnolia Scudieri. Venice, 1992: 79, 89 n. 50.
1993
Busignani, Alberto. Giotto. Florence, 1993: 206, 209 (repro.), 307.
Previtali, Giovanni, and Giovanna Ragionieri. Giotto e la sua bottega. Edited by Alessandro Conti. 3rd ed. Milan, 1993: 147 n. 217, 329, 348, 391.
Gagliardi, Jacques. La conquête de la peinture: L’Europe des ateliers du XIIIe au XVe siècle. Paris, 1993: 45, fig. 44.
1994
Bellosi, Luciano. "Ancora sulla cronologia degli affreschi del Cappellone di San Nicola a Tolentino." In Arte e spiritualità nell’ordine agostiniano e il Convento San Nicola a Tolentino: atti della seconda sessione del convegno “Arte e Spiritualità negli Ordini Mendicanti”; Tolentino, 1-4 settembre 1992. Edited by Graziano Campisano. Rome, 1994: 189.
Jackson, Jed. Art: A Comparative Study. Dubuque, IA, 1994: repro. 117.
1995
Flores d’Arcais, Francesca. Giotto. 1st ed. Milan, 1995: 320, 321 (repro.), 324.
1996
Cavazzini, Laura. Giotto. Florence, 1996: 33, 40.
Gilbert, Creighton E. "Giotto di Bondone." In The Dictionary of Art. Edited by Jane Turner. 34 vols. New York and London, 1996: 12:686
1998
Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane. "Virgin/Virginity." In Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art. Edited by Helene E. Roberts. 2 vols. Chicago, 1998: 2:905.
1999
Gardner, Julian. "Panel Paintings Attributed to Giotto in American Collections." Center, Research Reports and Record of Activities 19 (1999): 71-73, repro.
2000
Sainte Fare Garnot, Nicolas. "Brève histoire d’une redécouverte." In Primitifs italiens du Musée Jacquemart-André. Paris, 2000: 104-105, repro. 107.
Tartuferi, Angelo, ed. Giotto: bilancio critico di sessant’anni di studi e ricerche. Exh. cat. Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence, 2000: 66, 71, 88, 118, 175, repro. 177, 182-186, repro. 183.
Tartuferi, Angelo. "Giotto. Una nuova Immagine." In Giotto: guida alla mostra. Edited by Angelo Tartuferi. Exh. guide. Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence, 2000: 21, repro.
2002
Gardner, Julian. "Giotto in America (and Elsewhere)." In Italian Panel Painting of the Duecento and Trecento. Edited by Victor M. Schmidt. Studies in the History of Art 61 ( 2002): 161, 171-176, figs. 16, 17, 20.
Ragionieri, Giovanna. "Giotto di Bondone." In La pittura in Europa. Il Dizionario dei pittori. Edited by Carlo Pirovano. 3 vols. Milan, 2002: 2:360.
Bonsanti, Giorgio. "La pittura del Duecento e del Trecento." In La Basilica di San Francesco ad Assisi. Edited by Giorgio Bonsanti. Modena, 2002: 168, 184.
2003
"Giotto ou Giotto di Bondone." In Dictionnaire de la peinture. Edited by Michel Laclotte and Jean Pierre Cuzin. Paris, 2003: 381.
2004
Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 8-9, no. 3, color repros.
Secrest, Meryle. Duveen: A Life in Art. New York, 2004: 445.
Maginnis, Hayden B. J. "In Search of an Artist." In The Cambridge Companion to Giotto. Edited by Anne Derbes and Mark Sandona. Cambridge, 2004: 23.
2006
Bellosi, Luciano. "Moda e cronologia: B) per la pittura di primo Trecento." In “I vivi parean vivi”: scritti di storia dell’arte italiana del Duecento e del Trecento. (Prospettiva 121-124) Florence, 2006: 439, fig. 3.
Bellosi, Luciano. "Moda e cronologia: A) gli affreschi della Basilica Inferiore di Assisi." In “I vivi parean vivi”: scritti di storia dell’arte italiana del Duecento e del Trecento. (Prospettiva 121-124) Florence, 2006: 432, 434 fig. 22.
Greco, Gabriella, ed. Giotto. Milan, 2006: 286, 287, repro.
Lisner, Margrit. "Osservazioni sul Tondo Doni di Michelangelo e sulla Madonna del Sacco di Andrea del Sarto: cromia e colore iconografico, con un epilogo, 1." Arte cristiana 94 (2006): 340.
2007
Bellosi, Luciano, and Giovanna Ragionieri. Giotto e la sua eredità: Filippo Rusuti, Pietro Cavallini, Duccio, Giovanni da Rimini, Neri da Rimini, Pietro da Rimini, Simone Martini, Pietro Lorenzetti, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Matteo Giovannetti, Masso di Banco, Puccio Capanna, Taddeo Gaddi, Giovanni da Milano, Giottino, Giusto de’Menabuoi, Altichiero, Jacopo Avanzi, Jean Pucelle, i Fratelli Limbourg. Florence, 2007: 127, 303, repro. 305.
Tartuferi, Angelo. Giotto. 1st ed. Florence, 2007: 125 (repro.), 127.
2008
Tosti, Barbara, ed. Mugello culla del Rinascimento: Giotto, Beato Angelico, Donatello e i Medici. Exh. cat. Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, Florence, 2008: 98, as the Goldman Madonna.
2009
Galassi, Maria Clelia, and Elizabeth Walmsley. "Painting Technique in the Late Works of Giotto: Infrared Examination of Seven Panels from Altarpieces Painted for Santa Croce." In The Quest for the Original: Underdrawing and Technology in Painting. Symposium XVI, Bruges, September 21-23, 2006. Edited by Hélène Verougstraete and Colombe Janssens de Bisthoven. Leuven, 2009: 116-122, figs. 4, 6.
Tomei, Alessandro, ed. Giotto e il Trecento: il più Sovrano Maestro stato in dipintura. 2 vols. Exh. cat. Museo Centrale del Risorgimento, Rome. Milan, 2009: 2:165.
2012
Sciacca, Christine, ed. Florence at the Dawn of the Renaissance: Painting and Illumination, 1300–1350. J. Paul Getty Museum. Los Angeles, 2012, no. 2, repro.
2013
Thiebaut, Dominique, ed. Giotto e compagni. Exh. cat. Musée du Louvre. Paris, 2013: no. 12, repros.
2015
Dunn, Joanna R., Barbara H. Berrie, John K. Delaney, and Lisha Deming Glinsman. "The Creation of Giotto's Madonna and Child: New Insights." Facture: conservation, science, art history 2 (2015): 2-17, 3 unnumbered detail, figs. 1-10.
2016
National Gallery of Art. Highlights from the National Gallery of Art, Washington. Washington, 2016: 36, repro. 37.
Boskovits, Miklós. Italian Paintings of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. The Systematic Catalogue of the National Gallery of Art. Washington, 2016: 140-156, color repro.
Wikidata ID
Q3842479