The Nativity

c. 1450

Petrus Christus

Associated Names
Petrus Christus

Artist, Netherlandish, active 1444 - 1475/1476

A man, woman, and four winged angels gather and kneel around a nude infant lying on the ground under a stone arched opening set in front of a landscape in this vertical painting. All of the people have pale white or lightly tanned skin. To our left, the woman wears gold-edged, royal-blue robes and has long, curly brown hair. The baby lies on the hem of her robe, his body facing her. An older, balding and bearded man kneels to the right, leaning on a walking stick. He wears a red garment under a green robe, and he holds a hat in his hands as he gazes at the baby. About a third the size of the man and woman, two of the angels kneel between the man and woman and another pair kneel to our left of the woman, seeming close to us. The angels wear colorful gold, pink, red, or yellow robes and all have long wavy blond hair. Their hands touch in prayer and all look down toward the baby. The people are sheltered in front of a crumbling stone wall under a wooden structure. To our left, a cow and donkey are penned in a stable. Two pairs of men stand near or lean on the other side of the rock wall that encloses the scene. A landscape with green rolling hills and a distant town with towers and buildings fills the background beneath a clear blue sky. A triangular structure made of wood beams is framed within the carved archway, which seems to separate us from the space of the painting. The face of the arch looks like it is carved with a nude man atop a column to the left and a similar woman to the right, and with miniature scenes stacked on tiny platforms curving upward to the apex of the arch.

Media Options

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The Nativity, one of Petrus Christus' most important devotional paintings, emphasizes the sacrificial nature of Christ's coming and shows the scene as part of a chain of events in the story of the Fall and Redemption of humankind. In the foreground, a sculpted archway displays scenes of the Fall as described in Genesis. Below Adam and Eve, Atlas-like figures symbolize humanity burdened by Original Sin. The artist's depiction of the scene is like an act from a mystery or Passion play, the figures clothed in simple Flemish costume and provided with a landscape backdrop of what, at first, appears to be a Netherlandish town. However, with its two domed buildings, it would be understood as Jerusalem, the scene of the events of Christ's Passion.

Christus depicted not only the historical moment of Jesus' birth but also the enactment of the first Mass, an image deriving in part from the revelation of Saint Bridget, which had become the conventional visualization of the Nativity by the early fifteenth century. The angels wear eucharistic vestments of the subministers of the Mass, though none wears the chasuble worn by the principal celebrant, suggesting that Christ himself is here both priest and sacrifice.

More information on this painting can be found in the Gallery publication Early Netherlandish Painting, which is available as a free PDF https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/early-netherlandish-painting.pdf

On View

West Building Main Floor, Gallery M39

Artwork overview

  • Medium

    oil on panel

  • Credit Line

    Andrew W. Mellon Collection

  • Dimensions

    painted surface: 127.6 x 94.9 cm (50 1/4 x 37 3/8 in.)
    overall (panel): 130 x 97 cm (51 3/16 x 38 3/16 in.)
    framed: 149.2 x 118.4 cm (58 3/4 x 46 5/8 in.)

  • Accession Number

    1937.1.40

Artwork history & notes

Provenance

Señora O. Yturbe, Madrid.[1] (Franz M. Zatzenstein, Berlin and later London); [2] sold 1930 to (Duveen Brothers, Inc., London and New York); purchased 15 December 1936 by The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, Pittsburgh;[3] gift 1937 to NGA.

[1] The picture seems never to have belonged to the Duchess of Parcent, as claimed in Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America, New York, 1941: no. 177; see letter of April 1982 from her daughter, the Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, in NGA curatorial files.

[2] Zatzenstein was the founder of the Galerie Matthiesen, Berlin.

[3] The original Duveen Brothers invoice is in Gallery Archives, copy in NGA curatorial files. See also Duveen Brothers Records, Getty Research Institute, Series II, Folder 17 (Copies NGA curatorial files).

Associated Names

Exhibition History

1994

  • Petrus Christus: Renaissance Master of Bruges, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1994, no. 17, repro.

2017

  • Monochrome: Painting in Black and White, National Gallery, London; Museum Kunstpalast, Dusselddorf, 2017-1018, no. 6, repro.

Bibliography

1924

  • Friedländer, Max J. Die altniederländische Malerei 14 vols. 1924-1937. Leiden, 1937: 14:78-79, pl. Nachtrag 3. (English ed., 14 vols., 1967-1976. Leiden, 1967: 2:104, 110, pl. 102.)

1925

  • Friedländer, Max J. "Neues über Petrus Christus." Der Kunstwanderer 7 (May 1925): 297.

1932

  • Baldass, Ludwig. "Die Entwicklung des Dirk Bouts. Eine Stilgeschichtliche Untersuchung." Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen in Wien N. F. 6 (1932): 114

1937

  • Cortissoz, Royal. An Introduction to the Mellon Collection. Boston, 1937: repro. opposite p. 33.

  • Schöne, Wolfgang, "Über einige altniederländische Bilder, vor allem in Spanien." Jahrbuch der königlich Preussischen Kunstsammlungen (Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen) 58 (1937): 159.

  • Frankfurter, Alfred M. "The Mellon Gift to the Nation." Art News 35 (9 January 1937): 10, repro. 11.

1938

  • Vaughan, Malcolm. "Painting in the Age of Faith." Parnassus 10, no. 7 (1938): repro 2.

  • Schöne, Wolfgang. Dieric Bouts und seine Schule. Berlin and Leipzig, 1938: 23-24, 28, 55-56.

1939

  • Held, Julius S. Review of Die altniederländische Malerei by Max J. Friedländer. In Art in America 27 (1939): 88.

1941

  • De Tolnay, Charles. "Flemish Paintings in the National Gallery of Art." Magazine of Art 34 (April 1941): 179-181, figs. 7-9.

  • Einem, Herbert von. "Entwicklungsfragen bei Hugo van der Goes." Das Werk des Künstlers 2 (1941-1942): 167.

  • Duveen Brothers. Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America. New York, 1941: no. 177, repro.

  • Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941: 39-40, no. 40Gift of Gary S. Davis.

  • Held, Julius S. "Masters of Northern Europe, 1430-1660, in the National Gallery." Art News 40, no. 8 (June 1941): 11, repro. 12.

1942

  • Schapiro, Meyer. "Cain's Jaw-Bone that Did the First Murder." Art Bulletin 24, no. 3 (September 1942): 208.

  • Book of Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1942: 240, repro. 37.

1946

  • Friedländer, Max J. "The Death of the Virgin by Petrus Christus." The Burlington Magazine 88 (1946): 159.

1948

  • Puyvelde, Leo van. The Flemish Primitives. New York, 1948: 27, pl. 51.

1949

  • Paintings and Sculpture from the Mellon Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1949 (reprinted 1953 and 1958): 53, repro.

1952

  • Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds., Great Paintings from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1952: 88, color repro.

  • Bazin, Germain. "Petrus Christus et les rapports entre l'Italie et la Flandre au milieu du XVe siècle." La Revue des Arts 2 (1952): 199-202.

  • Baldass, Ludwig. Jan van Eyck. London, 1952: 98.

1953

  • Panofsky Erwin. Early Netherlandish Painting: Its Origins and Character. 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass., 1953: 1:203, 311-315, 321, 333; 489-490, 2:pl. 249, fig. 402.

1957

  • Shapley, Fern Rusk. Comparisons in Art: A Companion to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. London, 1957 (reprinted 1959): 7, repro. fig 3, pl. 105, 131.

  • Bruyn, Josua. Van Eyck Problemen: De Levensbron. Utrech, 1957: 107-108.

1960

  • Wilenski, R. H. Flemish Painters, 1430-1830. 2 vols. New York, 1960: 1:33, 524, 686, pl. 30.

  • Broadley Hugh T. Flemish Painting in the National Gallery of Art (Booklet no. 5 in Ten Schools of Painting in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC). Washington, 1960: 18-19, color repro.

  • Snyder, James E. "The Early Haarlem School of Painting: I. Ouwater and the Master of the Tiburtine Sibyl." The Art Bulletin 42, no. 1 (March 1960): 44, fig. 5.

  • The National Gallery of Art and Its Collections. Foreword by Perry B. Cott and notes by Otto Stelzer. National Gallery of Art, Washington (undated, 1960s): 9.

1961

  • Birkmeyer, Karl M. "The Arch Motif in Netherlandish Painting of the Fifteenth Century: A Study in Changing Religious Imagery." Art Bulletin 43, no. 2 (June 1961): 103-109, fig. 25.

1962

  • Birkmeyer, Karl M. "Notes on the Two Earliest Paintings by Rogier van der Weyden." Art Bulletin 44, no. 4 (December 1962): 331.

  • Philippot, Paul. "La fin du XVe siècle et les origines d'une nouvelle conception de l'image dans la peinture des Pays-Bas." Bulletin des Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 11 (1962): 9-10.

  • Steefel, Lawrence D., Jr. "An Unnoticed Detail in Petrus Christus' Nativity at the National Gallery, Washington." The Art Bulletin 44 (1962): 237-238.

1963

  • Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 98, repro.

1964

  • Gaya Nuño, Juan Antonio. Pintura europea perdida por España de Van Eyck a Tiépolo. Madrid, 1964: 22, no. 15.

1965

  • Châtelet, Albert. "Sur un jugement dernier de Dieric Bouts." Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 16 (1965): 37.

  • Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 27.

1966

  • Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 1:76-77, color repro.

  • Schiller, Gertrud. Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst. 6 vols. Gütersloh, 1966-1990: 1:91, 93, 217, 322, fig. 202. (In English language edition, 2 vols., 1971: 1:82, 198, fig. 202.)

1968

  • Jongh, E. de. "Speculaties over Jan Gossaerts Lucas-madonna in Praag." Bulletin Museum Boymans-van Beuningen 19 (1968): 52-53.

  • National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture: Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 20, repro.

  • Ward, John L. "A New Look at the Friedsam Annunciation." The Art Bulletin 50 no. 2 (June 1968): 186-187.

  • Whinney, Margaret. Early Flemish Painting. New York and Washington, 1968: 69, 151, pl. 37.

  • Cuttler, Charles D. Northern Painting, from Pucelle to Bruegel: Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries. New York, 1968: 129-130, 134, fig. 151.

1969

  • Blum, Shirley Neilsen. Early Netherlandish Triptychs. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969: 121-122.

1970

  • Gellman, Lola B. "The `Death of the Virgin' by Petrus Christus: An Altar-piece Reconstructed." The Burlington Magazine 112 (1970): 147.

  • Koch, Robert A. Review of Northern Painting by Charles Cuttler. In The Art Bulletin 52 (1970): 204.

1971

  • Sterling, Charles. "Observations on Petrus Christus." The Art Bulletin 53 no. 1 (March 1971): 19, figs. 37, 39.

1972

  • Dogaer, Georges. "Miniature flamande vers 1475-1485." Scriptorium 26 (1972): 104.

  • Schabacker, Peter H. "Saint Eloy: Problems of Provenance, Sources and Meaning." The Art Quarterly 35 (1972): 114.

  • Schabacker, Peter H. Review of Rogier van der Weyden by Martin Davies. In The Art Quarterly 35 (1972): 423.

1974

  • Schabacker, Peter H. Petrus Christus. Utrech, 1974: 25, 27, 29, 34, 43-46, 48, 50, 58, 60-61, 67-69, 74, 108, 114, 118, cat. no. 19, fig. 19.

1975

  • Lane, Barbara G. "`Ecce Panis Angelorum': The Manger as Altar in Hugo's Berlin Nativity." The Art Bulletin 57 (1975): 480, 484-485, fig. 15.

  • Bruyn, Josua. Review of Petrus Christus by Peter H. Schabacker. In Oud Holland 89 (1975): 71-72.

  • Upton, Joel M. "Devotional Imagery and Style in the Washington Nativity, by Petrus Christus." Studies in the History of Art 7 (1975): 49-79, figs. 1, 8-9, 17-18, 22-23.

  • European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 68, repro.

  • Pächt, Otto, and Ulrike Jenni. Die illuminierten Handschriften und Inkunabeln der Österreichischen Nationalbibliotek, Holländische Schule. Vienna, 1975: 65.

1976

  • Lane, Barbara G. Letter to the Editor. Art Bulletin 58 no. 4 (December 1976): 641.

1977

  • Decker, Bernhard. "Zur geschichtlichen Dimension in Michael Pachers Altären von Gries und St. Wolfgang." Städel-Jahrbuch N.F. 6 (1977): 309, 318.

1978

  • Panhans-Bühler, Ursula. Eklektizismus und Originalität im Werk des Petrus Christus. Vienna, 1978: 71, 76, 78-79, fig. 52.

1979

  • Collier, James M. "The Kansas City Petrus Christus: Its Importance and Dating." The Nelson Gallery and the Atkins Museum Bulletin 5 no. 5 (September, 1979): 34.

1980

  • Châtelet, Albert. Early Dutch Painting: Painting in the Northern Netherlands in the Fifteenth Century. New York, 1980: 90, 184.

1981

  • Grosshans, Rainald. "Rogier van der Weyden: Der Marienaltar aus der Kartause Miraflores." Jahrbuch der königlich Preussischen Kunstsammlungen (Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen) N.F. 23 (1981): 61, 65, 94.

1984

  • Pieper, Paul. "Petrus Christus, Verkündigung und Anbetung des Kindes." Pantheon 42 (1984): 120-122, fig. 6.

  • Lane, Barbara G. The Altar and the Altarpiece: Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting. New York, 1984: 59, fig. 37.

  • Sterling, Charles. "A la recherche des oeuvres de Zanetto Bugatto: une nouvelle piste." In Scritti di storia dell'arte in onore di Federico Zeri. 2 vols. Milan, 1984: 1:177.

  • Eisler, Colin T. "A Nativity Signed PETRUS XPI ME FECIT 1452." In Album Amicorum Herman Liebaers. Brussels, 1984: 451-469, fig. 2.

  • Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 122, no. 107, color repro.

1985

  • European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 88, repro.

1986

  • Hand, John Oliver and Martha Wolff. Early Netherlandish Painting. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, 1986: 41-49, color repro. 43.

1992

  • National Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1992: 38, repro.

1995

  • Upton, Joel. "PETRUS.XPI.ME.FECIT: The Transformation of a Legacy." In Maryan Ainsworth, ed, _Petrus Christus in Renaissance Bruges: An Interdisciplinary Approach. New York and Begium, 1995: 58, 59, 60, 63 n.19.

  • Catherine Metzger, "The Washington Nativity." In Petrus Christus in Renaissance Bruges: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. Maryan Ainsworth. New York and Begium, 1995: cover, repro, 167-174, figs. 1-4 (detail).

  • Buck, Stephanie. "Petrus Christus's Berlin Wings and the Metropolitan Museum's Eyckian Diptych." in Maryan Ainsworth, ed.,Petrus Christus in Renaissance Bruges: An Interdisciplinary Approach. New York and Begium, 1995: 78.

1998

  • Esch, Anke. "Het boogmotief bij der Vlaamse primitieven: Een synthese." In Dirk Bourts (ca. 1410-1475), een Vlaams primitief te Leuven. Exh. cat. Leuven 1998. Leuven, 1998: 174-175, color fig. 8.

2004

  • Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 44-45, no. 30, color repro.

2005

  • Snyder, James. Northern Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, the Graphic Arts from 1350 to 1575. Revised by Larry Silver and Henry Luttikhuizen. Upper Saddle River, 2005: 142-143, col. fig. 7.5.

2012

  • Jacobs, Lynn F. Opening Doors: The Netherlandish Triptych Reinterpreted. University Park, Pa., 2012: 122-125, fig. 46.

2023

  • Carpreau, Peter, ed. Dieric Bouts, Beeldenmaker [exh. cat. M Museum Leuven, 2023] Leuven, 2023: 56, 59, color fig. 33.

Wikidata ID

Q9018766

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