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Robert Torchia, “George Bellows/Nude with Hexagonal Quilt/1924,” American Paintings, 1900–1945, NGA Online Editions, https://purl.org/nga/collection/artobject/61354 (accessed December 10, 2024).

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Overview

Bellows executed Nude with Hexagonal Quilt at his studio in Woodstock, New York, in July 1924 at the age of forty-one. He had been an avid practitioner of life drawing since his early student days at the New York School of Art under the tutelage of Robert Henri (American, 1865 - 1929) and often taught life classes himself. Between 1923 and 1924, Bellows devoted a series of lithographs to the female nude. And after finishing Nude with Hexagonal Quilt, he immediately embarked on a painting entitled Two Women that was similar in scale and featured a female nude seated on the same Victorian loveseat.

The meditative attitude and pose of the model in Nude with Hexagonal Quilt recall Michelangelo’s famous allegorical sculpture Night from the tomb of Giuliano de’ Medici (1519–1534, Medici Chapel, San Lorenzo, Florence). By placing his figure in a contemporary setting and seated on a traditional 19th-century American pieced hexagonal silk quilt, Bellows wedded the traditions of American folk art to the legacy of the Italian High Renaissance in a highly original way. The painting was among his most ambitious nude compositions and one of the last works he completed before his premature death from a ruptured appendix in January 1925.

Entry

George Bellows completed Nude with Hexagonal Quilt at his studio in Woodstock, New York, in July 1924. It is among his most ambitious nude compositions and one of the last paintings that he finished before his premature death from appendicitis. He had become preoccupied with the female nude and, from 1923 to 1924, made a series of eight lithographs devoted to the subject.[1] Charles H. Morgan reported that Bellows had originally titled the painting Venus, but his wife “changed his mind.”[2] His first mythological title may have been in response to the reception of Nude with a White Shawl (1919, private collection), which had engendered a controversy at the National Arts Club’s annual exhibition in New York in 1922. Some members objected to the topless model and called the picture “immoral,” and others speculated that the artist had deliberately orchestrated the incident to gain publicity.[3]

The artist’s daughter Jean Bellows Booth recollected that she had peeked through the louvered blinds into her father’s studio while he was at work on this painting and was fascinated by the sight of the nude sitter. The quilt may have served a utilitarian rather than a purely decorative function; Jean remembered that she and her sister, Anne, disliked the carved walnut Victorian loveseat because its horsehair upholstery stuck into their legs. She also noted that the patterned wallpaper never existed in the Woodstock studio.[4]

The nude reclines on a loveseat that appears in six of Bellows’s late figural paintings.[5] She presides over the panoply of textures and patterns that surrounds her, consisting of the drapery on the left side of the loveseat, the floral wallpaper, the transparent lace curtains, and the quilt on which her massive sculptural form rests. Her rather disconcerting presence suggests that she is indeed the mythological Roman goddess of love and not merely a nude model posing in an artist’s studio. The presence of the traditional Victorian pieced hexagonal silk quilt reinforces the initial impression that Venus has inexplicably strayed into a middle-class American domestic interior.[6]

Although other sources have been suggested in the recent literature, the nude’s meditative attitude and pose are clearly derived from Michelangelo’s famous sculpture Night from the tomb of Giuliano de’ Medici [fig. 1].[7] Bellows may have made a subtle reference to this source by representing the shutter slats closed, thereby darkening the room as if it were night. His preparatory charcoal and black crayon Study for Nude with Hexagonal Quilt [fig. 2] shows that he changed the position of the windows to make them more prominent in the painting.

Like other female nudes by Bellows, the figure is not idealized. This quality brings to mind the severe criticism that Royal Cortissoz had leveled the previous year at the artist’s lithograph Reducing, Small, Third Stone, in which a seminude woman exercises on the floor while her husband sleeps in the couple’s bed:

It is the mere ugliness of form, an ugliness unredeemed by beauty of drawing or style, which repels, and I speak here not of a quality which is accidental, belonging only to this print, but to a quality running through practically all the lithographs. It crops out even in the studies from the nude. Life, as Bellows sees it, is singularly barren of charm. Whether he is studying the nude model or drawing the heroes of the prize-ring, he appears to find form an affair of brute strength, never of beauty, and this view of the matter enters the very grain of his art.[8]

Although Bellows, in response to Cortissoz and others, may have taken a more traditional, monumental, and classicizing approach in Nude with Hexagonal Quilt, including allusions to the Italian Renaissance, he nevertheless persisted in emphasizing the physical, visceral realities of the female model.

Morgan remarked that Nude with Hexagonal Quilt was “obscurely reminiscent” of Bellows’s mentor Robert Henri’s well-known nude Figure in Motion [fig. 3] that had been exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show and noted that “Bellows probed into the subtle problems of weight and texture, exploiting in more graphic form Matisse’s absorption with geometric pattern.”[9] Bellows’s nudes lack the ease and sensuality of those by Henri, although Bellows may possibly have been responding to Henri Matisse’s emphasis on two-dimensional decorative pattern.

Nude with Hexagonal Quilt is closely related to Bellows’s final female nude subject, Two Women [fig. 4], a mysterious juxtaposition of a nude and a fully clothed woman seated on the same Victorian loveseat in his Woodstock house. Once again he quoted a well-known High Renaissance source by basing the composition on Titian’s allegorical painting commonly known as Sacred and Profane Love (c. 1515, Galleria Borghese, Rome).[10] As Mark Cole has shown, the curious melding of classical allusions and homespun Americana that characterized Bellows’s last paintings would persist in the work of American regionalist painters like Thomas Hart Benton (American, 1889 - 1975), Grant Wood (American, 1891 - 1942), John Steuart Curry (American, 1897 - 1946), and others into the 1930s and beyond.[11]

Robert Torchia

July 24, 2024

Inscription

lower right: Geo Bellows.

Provenance

The artist [1882-1925]; by inheritance to his wife, Emma S. Bellows [1884-1959]; her estate; purchased July 1961 through (H.V. Allison & Co., New York) by Paul Mellon, Upperville, Virginia; gift 1983 to NGA.

Associated Names

Mellon, Paul

Exhibition History

1924
Special Exhibition of Paintings by George Bellows, Leon Kroll, Eugene F. Savage, Walter Ufer, Paul Bartlett, Edgar S. Cameron, H. Aimard Oberteuffer, and George Oberteuffer, Art Institute of Chicago, 1924-1925, no. 16, as Venus.
1925
Bellows Exhibition, Durand-Ruel Galleries, February 1925, no. 3, as Nude.
1925
Exhibition of Paintings by George Bellows, Charles Hopkinson, Eugene Speicer, Boston Art Club, March 1925, no. 3, as Nude.
1925
Exhibition of Paintings by George Bellows, Charles Hopkinson, Robert Henri, Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, April 1925, no. 3, as Nude.
1925
Exhibition of Paintings by George Bellows, Worcester Art Museum, February-March 1925, no. 11, as Nude.
1925
Memorial Exhibition of the Work of George Bellows, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, October-November 1925, no. 59, repro., as Venus.
1958
George Bellows, H.V. Allison & Co., New York, 1958, no. 14.
1961
George Bellows, H.V. Allison & Co., New York, May 1961, no. 15, cover repro.
1961
The Nude in American Painting, Brooklyn Museum, October-November 1961, no. 34.
2003
Leaving for the Country: George Bellows at Woodstock, Memorial Art Gallery, University of Rochester, 2003, fig. 47, color plate 32.
2012
George Bellows, National Gallery of Art, Washington; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Royal Academy of Arts, London, 2012-2013, pl. 148 (shown only in New York).

Technical Summary

The painting is on a medium-weight, plain-weave fabric that is unlined and remains stretched on its original stretcher. It appears that at one point the preprimed canvas had been stretched on a larger stretcher because there are very wide tacking margins at the top and bottom that have an extra set of tack holes beneath the ones that hold the painting.[1] No paint extends over the tacking margins, indicating that the canvas was restretched to its current size before painting. The priming is a single, thin white layer. The fluid and rich paint is blended wet into wet with high impasto in some areas. Wide brushes were utilized for depicting the flesh while smaller, thinner brushes were used in the more detailed curtains. Ridges of paint that do not correspond to the composition suggest that the position of the head was changed during the painting process. Infrared examination did not lend evidence to any artist’s changes or reveal any underdrawing. For the most part, the painting is in good condition with only small retouched losses scattered throughout. The painting has a long history of problems with the adhesion of the paint to the ground. It was last consolidated with microcrystalline wax in 1982. The painting is varnished with a thick coating of natural resin varnish that has yellowed appreciably.

Michael Swicklik

July 24, 2024

Bibliography

1929
Bellows, Emma Louise Story. The Paintings of George Bellows. New York, 1929: 138, as Venus.
1965
Morgan, Charles H. George Bellows. Painter of America. New York, 1965: 278.
1971
Braider, Donald. George Bellows and the Ashcan School of Painting. New York, 1971: 140.
1992
American Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1992: 32, repro.
1992
Quick, Michael, Jane Myers, Marianne Doezema, and Franklin Kelly. The Paintings of George Bellows. Exh. cat. Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Columbus (Ohio) Museum of Art; Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, 1992-1993. New York, 1992: 87, fig. 88.
2009
Peck, Glenn C. George Bellows' Catalogue Raisonné. H.V. Allison & Co., 2009. Online resource, URL: http://www.hvallison.com. Accessed 16 August 2016.

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