The Old Musician
1862
Artist, French, 1832 - 1883

A ragtag group of people gathers around an elderly man holding a violin. He pauses, as if interrupted mid performance, and gazes directly at us. Who are these people? And where are they?
Beginning in the 1850s, Paris went through extensive urban renewal. The government tore down many older neighborhoods, forcing poor residents into the city’s undeveloped outskirts. Here Manet depicts homeless and marginalized people on a large scale normally reserved for the wealthy and powerful. He makes them visible, challenging us to acknowledge their humanity.

West Building Main Floor, Gallery 89
Artwork overview
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Medium
oil on canvas
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Credit Line
-
Dimensions
overall: 187.4 x 248.2 cm (73 3/4 x 97 11/16 in.)
framed: 238.76 x 297.82 cm (94 x 117 1/4 in.)
framed weight: 275 lb. -
Accession
1963.10.162
More About this Artwork

Video: Edouard Manet's "The Old Musician" (ASL)
This video provides an ASL description of Edouard Manet's painting, The Old Musician.
Artwork history & notes
Provenance
(Manet sale, Paris, 4 February 1884, no. 9, withdrawn). (Camentron, Paris); possibly from whom purchased 1897 by (Durand-Ruel, New York and Paris);[1] sold 27 January 1906 through (Adrien-Aurélien Hébrard [1865-1937], Paris) to Alexandre Berthier, 4th Prince de Wagram [1883-1918], Paris.[2] P.R. Pearson, Paris, by 1912. (Galerie Arnot, Vienna); purchased 1913 by Österreichische Staatsgalerie (now Österreichische Galerie Belvedere), Vienna; released 1923 in exchange for two other paintings, possibly to (Galérie Barbazanges, Paris);[2] (Hodebert, Paris).[3] Acquired 1930 in Germany by (Galerie Étienne Bignou, Paris) for (Alex Reid & Lefèvre, London);[4] sold 1930 to Chester Dale [1883-1962], New York; bequest 1963 to NGA.
[1] In 1904 Durand-Ruel lent the painting to an exhibition in Dublin organized by the collector Hugh Lane (1875-1915), who established that city's Municipal Gallery of Modern Art in 1908. Sarah Herring, Assistant Curator of 19th Century Paintings, National Gallery, London, first brought the 1904 exhibition to the NGA's attention (letter to Philip Conisbee, 11 February 2002, in NGA curatorial files). Dr. Philip McEvansoneya, Head of the Department of the History of Art and Architecture at Trinity College, Dublin, kindly provided references to reviews of the exhibition, and suggested that Lane may have considered purchasing the painting, as the collector did buy several other works lent by Durand-Ruel (e-mail, 8 June 2006, and letter, 20 July 2006, in NGA curatorial files).
[2] On the sale to Wagram, see Léa Saint-Raymond, “Coulisses et Ficelles du Métier: Dans les Pas du Prince de Wagram,” in Alice Ensabella, et al., Histoire des galeries d’art en France du XIXe au XXIe siècle, Paris: 2024: 136, 145; as well as Saint-Raymond and Hadrien Viraben, “The virtual collection of Alexandre Berthier, Prince of Wagram,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide vol.19, no 2 (Summer 2020), online at https://doi.org/10.29411/ncaw.2020.19.2.4. For a dataset documenting the prince's collection see Saint-Raymond and Viraben, "Alexandre Berthier, the 4th Prince de Wagram: documentation on his collection (1904-1917)", 2019, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/TIFXCH, Harvard Dataverse, V1
[3] In several publications during the 20th century (1919, 1925, and 1960), the painting is referred to as being owned by the "Musée de Vienne, Autriche" and "the Vienna Gallery." An inquiry to the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna was made in 2007, but no records concerning the painting were found. However, Karl Schütz, director of the KHM, suggested the painting had probably been instead at the Belvedere Museum, previously called the Österreichische Galerie; see e-mail from Elke Oberthaler of the KHM, 31 August 2007, in NGA curatorial files. This was confirmed by Monika Mayer, of the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere, who kindly provided details of the 1923 transaction (see her e-mail, 12 December 2007, in NGA curatorial files). The two paintings for which the Manet was exchanged were Marietta by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and Badende by Auguste Renoir.
[3] Hodebert was the successor to the Galerie Barbarzanges, which had been located on the property of fashion designer Paul Poiret. Poiret went bankrupt in early 1923 and lost the property; it is likely that the gallery changed hands at that time.
[4] Correspondence between Bignou and Reid & Lefèvre dated April-September 1930 (Lefèvre archives, Hyman Kreitman Research Centre, Tate Britain, London, TGA 2002/11, Box 218). The painting was possibly acquired through the Galerie Matthiesen in Berlin, where it was exhibited in 1928.
Associated Names
Exhibition History
1863
Galerie Martinet, Paris, 1863, no. 136.
1867
Tableaux de Edouard Manet, Avenue de l'Alma, Paris, 1867, no. 10.
1884
Exposition Manet, Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, 1884, no. 16.
1898
Exhibition of International Art, The International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers, London, 1898, no. 55, as Vagabond Musicians.
1904
Catalogue of Pictures Presented to the City of Dublin to form the nucleus of a Gallery of Modern Art; also Pictures Lent by the Executors of the late Mr. J. Staats Forbes, and Others, Royal Hibernian Academy, Dublin, 1904, no. 51, as The Itinerant Musician.
1905
Salon d'Automne, Paris, 1905, no. 5.
Pictures by Boudin, Cézanne, Degas, Manet, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Renoir, Sisley, Grafton Galleries, London, 1905, no. 100.
Derde Tentoonstelling van Schilderijen, E.J. van Wisselingh & Co., held at Pulchri Studio, The Hague, 1905, no. 87, as Le musucien ambulant.
1912
Exposition centennale de l'art français. Saint Petersbourg, 1912, no. 401.
1927
A Century of French Painting, exhibition organized by Alex Reid & Lefevre and held at McLellan Galleries, Glasgow, 1927, no. 18, repro.
1928
Cent ans de peinture française, E.J. van Wisselingh & Co., Amsterdam, 1928, no. 42.
Edouard Manet 1832-1883, Galerie Matthiesen, Berlin, 1928, no. 8.
1930
Cent ans de peinture française, Galerie Georges Petit, Paris, 1930, no. 15, repro.
Ausstellung von Meisterwerken Deutscher und Französischer Malerei des 19. Jahrhunderts, Kunstverein für die Rheinland und Westfalen, Düsseldorf, January/February 1930, no. 46
1932
Exposition Manet, Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris, 1932, no. 10.
1965
The Chester Dale Bequest, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1965, unnumbered checklist.
1980
Picasso: The Saltimbanques, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1980, no. 10, fig. 6.
1982
Manet and Modern Paris, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1982-1983, no. 67, repro.
2010
From Impressionism to Modernism: The Chester Dale Collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, January 2010-January 2012, unnumbered catalogue, repro.
Bibliography
1884
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1902
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1904
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1909
Sainte-Croix, Camille de. Edouard Manet, Portraits d'Hier. Paris, 1909 [reprinted in T. A. Gronberg, "Manet: A Retrospective," as "A Collegian and Manet," New York, 1990, 137].
1910
Duret, Théodore. Manet and the French Impressionists. Translated by J.E. Crawford Flitch. London and Philadelphia, 1910: 37, 216, no. 40.
1912
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1919
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1924
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1925
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1926
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1928
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1929
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1930
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1931
Tabarant, Adolphe. Manet: histoire catalographique. Paris, 1931: 46-47, 70, no. 43.
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1932
Bazin, Germaine. "Manet et la tradition." L'Amour de l'Art 13, no. 5 (May 1932): 155.
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1933
Lambert, Elie. "Manet et l'Espagne." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 9 (June 1933) 373-374.
1938
Pemberton, Murdock. "Ambassador to Art." Esquire (February 1938): repro.
Rey, Robert. Manet. New York and Paris, 1938: 11, repro.
1939
Venturi, Lionello. Les archives de l'impressionnisme. 2 vols. Paris and New York, 1939: II: 214.
1941
Catalogue of French Paintings from the Chester Dale Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941: 9, repro. pl. XVI
"The Chester Dale Pictures on loan to the National Gallery of Art."Magazine of Art 34 no. 9 (November 1941): 476+, repro.
Frankfurter, Alfred M. "Now the Great French 19th Century in the National Gallery." Art News 40, no. 17 (December 15-31, 1941):repro. p. 19
"Chester Dale Loans to the National Gallery." Art Digest 16 (15 November 1941): 9.
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"Dale's Dilemma." Time (8 December 1941)
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1942
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1944
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1947
Florisoone, Michel. Manet. Monaco, 1947: 15, repro.
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1948
Walker, John. "Edouard Manet." Ladies Home Journal (September 1948)
Bex, Maurice. Manet. Columbia series New York, 1948: repro pl. 14.
1952
McBride. Henry. "Chesterdale's Way." Art News 51, no. 9 (December 1952):53, repro.
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1953
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1954
Sandblad, Nils Gösta. Manet: Three Studies in Artistic Conception. Lund, 1954: 28-31, repro.
Epstein, Lewis. "What is Great Art?" Gazette des Beaux-Arts VI period, XLIII (May-June 1954): 294-296.
Hamilton, George Heard. Manet and His Critics. New Haven, 1954: 38, 105, 271, 276, 278.
1955
Vaudoyer, Jean-Louis. E. Manet. Paris, 1955: no. 11, repro.
Bataille, Georges. Manet. Translated by Austryn Wainhouse and James Emmons. Lausanne, 1955: 38-41.
1956
Fosca, François. La peinture française au XIXe siècle. Paris, 1956: 109, repro.
1957
Shapley, Fern Rusk. Comparisons in Art: A Companion to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. London, 1957 (reprinted 1959): pl. 110.
Taubes, Frederic. "Francophobia." American Artisit 21, no. 2 (February 1957): 18, repro.
Pars, H. H. Pictures in Peril. Translated by Kathrine Talbot. Oxford, 1957: 8.
1958
Richardson, John. Edouard Manet: paintings and drawings. London, 1958: no. 7, repro.
1959
Hemmings, F.W.J. and Niess, Roberts, eds. Emile Zola: Salons. Geneva, 1959: 95.
1960
The National Gallery of Art and Its Collections. Foreword by Perry B. Cott and notes by Otto Stelzer. National Gallery of Art, Washington (undated, 1960s): 23, repro.
1963
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 254, repro.
MacNeil, Neil. "Chester Dale: Collector." McCalls (November 1963):213.
1964
De Leiris, Alain. "Manet, Guéroult and Chrysippos." The Art Bulletin XLVI (September 1964): 401-404, repro.
1965
Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 82.
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Paintings & Sculpture of the French School in the Chester Dale Collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 70, repro.
1966
Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 2:422, color repro.
Hanson, Anne Coffin. Edouard Manet 1832-1883. Exh. cat. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1966:43-45, repro.
Feller, Glorionna Colton. A Study of the Sources for Manet's "The Old Musician." Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York, 1966.
1967
Bowness, Alan. "Manet and Mallarmé." Bulletin of the Philadelphia Museum of Art LXII, no. 193 (April-June 1967): 221, repro.
1968
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 71, repro.
Liebmann, Kurt. Edouard Manet. Dresden, 1968: 8, 29, 46-47, repro. fig. 5.
Bodelsen, Merete. "Early Impressionist Sales 1874-94 in the light of some unpublished 'procès-verbaux'." The Burlington Magazine 110 (June 1968): 341.
Hanson, Anne Coffin. "Manet's Subject Matter and a Source of Popular Imagery." Museum Studies 3 (1968):70-72, repro.
1969
La Coste-Messelière, M.-G. de. "Un jeune prince amateur d'impressionnistes et chauffeur." L'Oeil 179 (November 1969): repro. 19.
Walker, John. Self Portrait with Donors. Boston & Toronto, 1969: 168.
Farwell, Beatrice. "Manet's Espada and Marcantonio." Metropolitan Museum of Art Journal 2 (1969): 206.
Reff. Theodore. "'Manet's Sources': A Critical Evaluation." Artforum 8 (September 1969):40-48.
Fried, Michael. "Manet's Sources, Aspects of his Art, 1859-1865." Artforum 7 (March 1969): 28-82.
1970
Orienti, Sandra and Denis Rouart. Edouard Manet. Paris, 1970: no. 44, repro.
Reff, Theodore. "Manet and Blanc's 'Histoire de Peintures'." The Burlington Magazine 112, no. 808 (July 1970): 456-457.
Hanson, Anne Coffin. "Edouard Manet, 'Les Citanos,' and the Cut Canvas."The Burlington Magazine 112 (March 1970): 158-167.
1971
Gállego, Julian. "Goya en el arte moderno." Goya (January-February 1971): 256.
1972
Hanson, Anne Coffin. "Popular Imagery and the Work of Edouard Manet" in French Nineteenth Century Paintings and Literature, Ulrich Finke, ed. New York, 1972:133-163, repro.
Bazin, Germain. Edouard Manet. Milan, 1972: 19-21, 88-89.
1973
Finley, David Edward. A Standard of Excellence: Andrew W. Mellon Founds the National Gallery of Art at Washington. Washington, 1973: 110, 111 repro.
1974
Rewald, John. "Jours sombres de l'impressionnisme." L'Oeil no. 223 (February 1974): 17, repro.
1975
European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 212, repro.
Rouart, Denis and Daniel Wildenstein. Edouard Manet, catalogue raisonné 2 vols. Lausanne and Paris, 1975:I:4, 62-63; II: 120-121.
Mauner, George. Manet: Peintre-Philosophe; A Study of the Painter's Themes. University Park, PA, and London, 1975:2, 18, 46-79, 88, 94, 148. 159, 170, 202.
Georgel, Pierre. "Les Transformations de la peinture vers 1848, 1855, 1863." Revue de l'Art 27 (1975): 64-65, repro.
Collins, Bradford R. "Manet's 'Rue Mosnier Decked with Flags' and the Flâneur Concept." The Burlington Magazine 117, no. 872 (November 1975): 713.
1976
Richardson, John. Manet. Oxford, 1976:6, plate.4.
1977
Hanson, Anne Coffin. Manet and the Modern Tradition. New Haven and London, 1977:36,55-57,61-67,114,120,134,169,198,202, repro.11
Johnson, Ronald. "Picasso's Parisian Family and the 'Saltimbanques'." Arts Magazine 51, no. 5 (January 1977): 90-95, repro.
1978
King, Marian. Adventures in Art: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1978: 84, pl. 50.
Brown, Marilyn R. "Manet's Old Musician: Portrait of a Gypsy and Naturalist Allegory." Studies in the History of Art 8 (1978): 77-87, repro.
1979
Watson, Ross. The National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1979: 111, pl. 97.
1980
Reff, Theodore. "Courbet and Manet." Arts Magazine 54, no. 7 (March 1980): 99, repro.
Carmean, E.A., Jr. Picasso: The Saltimbanques. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1980:22, repro.
Kelder, Diane. The Great Book of French Impressionism. New York, 1980: 70, 436, repro. 89
1981
Dufwa, Jacques. Winds from the East : a study in the art of Manet, Degas, Monet and Whistler, 1856-86. Stockholm, 1981: 53-54, repro.
Farwell, Beatrice. "Manet and the Nude: A Study in Iconography in the Second Empire." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1973. New York, 1981: 21, 85, 91, 94-96, 160, 186, 191, 301, 382.
1982
Ross, Novelene. Manet's 'Bar at the Folies-Bergère' and the Myths of Popular Illustration. Ann Arbor, 1982:30, 91
1984
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 446, no. 646, color repro.
1985
European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 245, repro.
Athill, Philip. "The International Society of Sculptors, Painters and Gravers." Burlington Magazine 127, no. 982 (January 1985): 25
1988
Reff, Theodore. "Manet and the Paris of his Time." In_Kunst um 1800 und die Folgen: Werner Hoffmann zu Ehren_ Christian Beutler, Peter-Klaus Schuster und Martin Warnke, eds. Munich, 1988: 248+
1991
Kopper, Philip. America's National Gallery of Art: A Gift to the Nation. New York, 1991: 239,247, color repro.
Coman, Florence E. Joie de Vivre: French Paintings from the National Gallery of Art. Washington, 1991:9, repro.
Champa, Kermit Swiler. The Rise of Landscape Painting in France: Corot to Monet. Exh. cat. The Currier Gallery of Art, Manchester, 1991: 50, repro.
Wilson-Bareau, Juliet, ed. Manet by Himself: Paintings, Pastels, Prints & Drawings. London, 1991:no. 51.
Darragon, Eric. Manet. Paris, 1991:82-86, repro.
1992
National Gallery of Art, Washington. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1992: 185, repro.
Carr-Gomm, Sarah. Manet. London, 1992: 50.
Stevenson, Lesley. Manet. New York, 1992:42, repro.
1993
Frascina, Francis et. al. Modernity and Modernism: French Painting in the Nineteenth Century. New haven and London, 1993:82, repro.
Perutz, Vivien. Edouard Manet. London and Toronto, 1993: repro. plate 6.
1994
Kuhn-Wengenmayr, Annemarie. " Die Metrisierung in einigen Figurenblldern Eduard Manets un deren künstlerische Herkunft." In Festschrift Lorenz Dittmann.Hans-Caspar Graf von Bothmer, Klaus Güthlein, and Rudolf Kuhn, eds Frankfurt am Main and New York, 1994: 115-130.
Rubin, James H. Manet's Silence and the Poetics of Bouquets. Cambridge, 1994:39, repro.
Asséo, Henriette. Les Tsiganes Une Destinée Européenne. Paris, 1994: 64, repro.
1995
Smith, Paul. Impressionism Beneath the Surface. New York, 1995: 44-45, repro.
1996
Körner, Hans. Edouard Manet: Dandy, Flaneur, Maler. Munich, 1996: 54-55, 227, color fig. 41.
1997
Kelder, Diane. The Great Book of French Impressionism, 1997, no. 76, repro.
1998
Eisen, Arnold M. Rethinking Modern Judaism. Chicago and London, 1998: 167, repro.
1999
Townsend, Richard P. "La Petite Bergère: William Bouguereau und der "goût espanol" im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhunderts." Belvedere Heft 2/99 (1999): 44, repro.
2000
Fried, Michael. Le modernisme de Manet. Paris, 2000: repro. 39.
2001
Southgate, M. Therese. "The Cover: Edouard Manet, The Old Musician." Journal of the American Medical Association 285, no. 2 (10 January 2001): 137, cover repro,
Brooke, Xanthe. "Seville and Beyond: The Taste for Murillo's Genre Painting Across Europe." In Murillo Scenes of Childhood. Exh. cat. Dulwich Picture Gallery and Alte Pinacothek, Munich, 2001:72, repro.
2004
Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 363-364, no. 298, color repro.
2008
Picasso et les maitres. Exh. cat. Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Musée du Louvre, and Musée d'Orsay, Paris, 2008: 345.
2009
Jones, Kimberly, and Ann Hoenigswald. "Shedding New Light on The Old Musician." Bulletin / National Gallery of Art, no. 41 (Fall 2009): 2-6, 8-13, figs. 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
2014
Fried, Michael Another Light: Jacques-Louis David to Thomas Demand. New Haven, 2014: 3, 21, 22, 25, color fig. 10.
2015
Kim, Liza. "Manet and the Logic of Practice." Art History 38, no. 1 (February 2015): 216, 217, color fig. 1.
2016
Sund, Judy. “Why So Sad? Watteau’s Pierrots.” Art Bulletin 98, no. 3 (September 2016): 337-338, color fig. 22, 346, nt. 214 and 215.
2024
Léa Saint-Raymond, “Coulisses et Ficelles du Métier: Dans les Pas du Prince de Wagram,” Alice Ensabella, et al., Histoire des galeries d’art en France du XIXe au XXIe siècle, Paris: 2024: 145, 146, repro.
Inscriptions
lower right: ed. Manet 1862
Wikidata ID
Q59815