This volume, the third in a series describing the history, characteristics, and scientific analysis of artists’ pigments, covers 10 pigments, from some of the earliest man-made colorants, such as Egyptian blue and gamboge, to the 20th century’s titanium dioxide whites. Also included are orpiment and realgar; indigo and woad; madder and alizarin; Vandyke brown; Prussian blue; emerald green and Scheele’s green; and chromium oxide greens. More than 200 images depict artworks created with the pigments described, as well as x-ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron micrographs, and thin-layer chromatographs. The chapters provide details on nomenclature and general composition; history of use; color, permanence, compatibility, and painting and handling qualities; composition; characterization and identification through technical methods and procedures; and notable instances of use by a particular artist or in a specific work.