The Alba Madonna
c. 1510
Artist, Marchigian, 1483 - 1520

Renaissance artist Raphael was famous in his own time. It is easy to understand why. His images are vibrant, emotional, and flawless in execution. In this round-format religious painting, called a tondo, Mary and a young John the Baptist lean in toward Jesus. Their gazes fall on the child as he receives the burden of the cross on which he will be crucified to pay for the wrongs of others. The intense moment is softened by the lush green landscape and the pale pinks and blues of Mary’s draped garment. Seated on the bare ground, the humble Madonna accepts her son’s fate.

West Building Main Floor, Gallery 20
Artwork overview
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Medium
oil on panel transferred to canvas
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Credit Line
-
Dimensions
overall (diameter): 94.5 cm (37 3/16 in.)
framed (diameter x depth): 140.34 × 15.88 cm (55 1/4 × 6 1/4 in.) -
Accession
1937.1.24
More About this Artwork

Video: Michelangelo, Raphael, and the Genius Paradox
Sydney J. Freedberg Lecture on Italian Art presented by Cammy Brothers (2022)

Video: Raphael's "Alba Madonna" (ASL)
This video provides an ASL description of Raphael's painting, Alba Madonna.
Artwork history & notes
Provenance
Possibly Paolo Giovio, appointed to the Bishopric of Nocera by Clement VII in 1528; possibly from him to Chiesa di Monte Oliveto, Nocera de'Pagani; sold 1686 to Gasparo de Haro y Guzman, Conde-Duque de Olivares, Marqués del Carpio and Viceroy of Naples [d. 1687]; by inheritance to his daughter, Catalina Méndez de Haro y Guzmán, later Duquesa de Alba; by inheritance to the Duques de Alba; by inheritance to María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva y Alvarez de Toledo, Duquesa de Alba [d. 1802], Sanlúcar, near Seville;[1] sold by her heirs to Count Edmund de Bourke, Danish Ambassador to Spain; sold 1820 to William G. Coesvelt, London;[2] sold 1836 to (M. Labensky) for Czar Nicholas I of Russia [1796-1855], Saint Petersburg; Imperial Hermitage Gallery, Saint Petersburg;[3] purchased April 1931 through (Matthiesen Gallery, Berlin; P. & D. Colnaghi & Co., London; and M. Knoedler & Co., New York) by Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C.; deeded 5 June 1931 to The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, Pittsburgh;[4] gift 1937 to NGA.
[1] See A. Barcia, Catalogo de la collecion de pinturas del Excmo. Sr. Duque de Berwick y de Alba, 1911: 260.
[2] Recorded in Mrs. Anna Jameson, Collection of Pictures of W. G. Coesvelt, Esq., London, 1836: VII, 24.
[3] According to E. Bruiningk and A. Somoff, Ermitage Imperial, Catalogue de la galerie des tableaux, Saint Petersburg, 1891: 1:137.
[4] Mellon/Mellon Trust purchase date and/or date deeded to Mellon Trust is according to Mellon collection files in NGA curatorial records and David Finley's notebook (donated to the National Gallery of Art in 1977, now in the Gallery Archives).
Associated Names
- Haro y Guzmán, Duquesa de Alba, Catalina Méndez de
- Chiesa di Monte Oliveto
- Haro y Guzmán, Gaspar Méndez de, Don
- Giovio, Paolo
- Silva y Alvarez de Toledo, Duquesa de Alba, María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de
- Bourke, Edmund de, Count
- Coesvelt, William
- Labensky, M.
- Nicholas I Czar
- The State Hermitage Museum
- Mellon, Andrew W.
- P. & D. Colnaghi & Co., Ltd.
- The Matthiesen Gallery
- M. Knoedler & Company
- The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust
Exhibition History
1979
Berenson and the Connoisseurship of Italian Painting, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1979, no. 113, repro.
1983
Raphael and America, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1983, no. 92, repro.
2004
Raphael: From Urbino to Rome, National Gallery, London, 2004-2005, no. 93, as The Virgin and Child with Saint John (The Alba Madonna), repro.
Masterpieces from the World's Museums in the Hermitage: Raphael's Madonna with Christ and St. John the Baptist (The Madonna Alba) from the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, 2004, no cat.
2020
Raphael 1520-1483, Scuderie del Quirinale, Rome, 2020, no. IX.15.
2022
Raphael, The National Gallery, London, 2022, no. 39, repro.
Bibliography
1909
Wrangell, Baron Nicolas. Les Chefs-d'Oeuvre de la Galérie de Tableaux de l'Hermitage Impérial à St-Pétersbourg. London, 1909: repro. 11.
1929
"Um die Gaeta Madonna." Kunstauktion 3, no. 34 (29 August 1929):6.
Meissner, Carl. "Raphaels Madonna di Gaeta und Madonna Alba." Kunstauktion 3, no 30 (28 July 1929): 9, repro.
1935
Tietze, Hans. Meisterwerke europäischer Malerei in Amerika. Vienna, 1935: 79, repro. (English ed., Masterpieces of European Painting in America. New York, 1939: 79, repro.).
1937
Cortissoz, Royal. An Introduction to the Mellon Collection. Boston, 1937: repro. frontispiece
Jewell, Edward Alden. "Mellon's Gift." Magazine of Art 30, no. 2 (February 1937): 82.
"Trends: Art." American Architect and Architecture. 150 (March 1937): 4, repro.
1941
Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941: 162, no. 24, pl. VIII.
Richter, George Martin. "The New National Gallery in Washington." The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 78 (June 1941): 178.
1942
Book of Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1942: 239, repro. 174.
1944
Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. Masterpieces of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1944: 48, color repro.
1946
Favorite Paintings from the National Gallery of Art Washington, D.C.. New York, 1946: 11-14, color repro.
1949
Paintings and Sculpture from the Mellon Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1949 (reprinted 1953 and 1958): 29, repro.
1951
Einstein, Lewis. Looking at Italian Pictures in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, 1951: 58-59, repro.
1956
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1956: 20, color repro.
1957
Shapley, Fern Rusk. Comparisons in Art: A Companion to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. London, 1957 (reprinted 1959): pl. 26.
1960
The National Gallery of Art and Its Collections. Foreword by Perry B. Cott and notes by Otto Stelzer. National Gallery of Art, Washington (undated, 1960s): 25.
Shapley, Fern Rusk. Later Italian Painting in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C., 1960 (Booklet Number Six in Ten Schools of Painting in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.): 42, color repro. on cover.
1963
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 134, repro.
1965
Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 107.
1966
Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 1:130, color repro.
Walton, William. "Parnassus on Potomac." Art News 65 (March 1966): 38, repro. 39.
1968
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 95, repro.
Gandolfo, Giampaolo et al. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Great Museums of the World. New York, 1968: 12, 43, 45, color repro.
Berenson, Bernard. Italian Pictures of the Renaissance. Central Italian and North Italian Schools. 3 vols. London, 1968: 1:355.
1973
Finley, David Edward. A Standard of Excellence: Andrew W. Mellon Founds the National Gallery of Art at Washington. Washington, 1973: 22, 24 repro., 152-153, 156.
1975
European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 280, repro.
1978
Wasserman, Jack. "The Genesis of Raphael's Alba Madonna." Studies in the History of Art vol. 8 (1978):35-61, repro.
1979
Shapley, Fern Rusk. Catalogue of the Italian Paintings. 2 vols. Washington, 1979: 1:386-389; 2:pl. 277.
Watson, Ross. The National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1979: 35, pl. 19.
Thomas, Denis. The Face of Christ. London, 1979: 78, repro.
Williams, Robert C. "The Quiet Trade: Russian Art and American Money." The Wilson Quarterly, Vol. 3 (Winter 1979): 162-163, repro.
1982
Alsop, Joseph. The Rare Art Traditions: The History of Art Collecting and Its Linked Phenomena Wherever These Have Appeared. Bollingen series 35, no. 27. New York, 1982: 452.
1984
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 178, no. 199, color repro.
1985
European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 325, repro.
1986
Christensen, Carol. "Examination and Treatment of Paintings by Raphael at the National Gallery of Art." Studies in the History of Art 17 (1986):47-48, 52-54, repro.
1988
Wheeler, Marion, ed. His Face--Images of Christ in Art: Selections from the King James Version of the Bible. New York, 1988: 126, no. 16, color repro.
1991
Kopper, Philip. America's National Gallery of Art: A Gift to the Nation. New York, 1991: 20, 23, 91, 143, 170, color repro.
Morandotti, Alessandro. "La fortuna collezionistica della pittura gotica e rinascimentale fra Ottocento e Novecento." In Mauro Natale, ed. Pittura italiana dal '300 al '500. Milan, 1991: 39.
1992
National Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1992: 30, repro.
1994
Costamagna, Philippe. Pontormo. Milan, 1994: 193.
1995
Honour, Hugh and John Fleming. A World History of Art. 7th ed. New York, 2005: 469, 470, color fig. 11.17.
1996
Wallis, Stephen. "Sketchbook: Knoedler Turns 150." Art & Antiques 19, no. 10 (November 1996): 18.
Landi, Ann. "150 Years of Helping Shape a Nation's Taste." New York Times (December 1, 1996): 46.
1997
Shaw-Eagle, Joanna. "Christ's Birth Gave Birth to Astounding Images: Gallery Glitters with holy Masterpieces." Washington Times (December 21, 1997): D1, D5, repro.
1998
Buck, Stephanie and Peter Hohenstatt. Raffeallo Santi, known as Raphael, 1483-1520. Konemann, 1998: 76-77, repro. no. 97.
2004
Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 80-81, no. 56, color repro.
2006
Rosenberg, Pierre. Only in America: One Hundred Paintings in American Museums Unmatched in European Collections. Milan, 2006: 17.
2009
Odom, Anne, and Wendy R. Salmond, eds. Treasures into Tractors: The Selling of Russia's Cultural Heritage, 1918-1938. Washington, 2009: 91, 106 n. 8, 131, 135 n. 6, 202.
2011
Kustodieva, Tat'jana. Museo Statale Ermitage: La pittura italiana dal XIII al XVI secolo. Milan, 2011: 18.
2013
Harris, Neil. Capital Culture: J. Carter Brown, the National Gallery of Art, and the Reinvention of the Museum Experience. Chicago and London, 2013: 44, 459-460.
Hodge, Susie. Raphael: His Life and Works in 500 Images. Wigston, Leicestershire, 2013: 164, color fig.
Acres, Alfred. _ Renaissance Invention and the Haunted Infancy_. London and Turnhout, 2013: 59, fig. 24.
Semyonova, Natalya, and Nicolas V. Iljine, eds. Selling Russia's Treasures: The Soviet Trade in Nationalized Art 1917-1938. New York and London, 2013: 138, 139, 170, 202, repro.
2014
Mims, Bryan. "Asheville's Fortress of Art." Our State Down Home in North Carolina (1 October 2014): 40-42, 44, repro.
2016
Jaques, Susan. The Empress of Art: Catherine the Great and the Transformation of Russia. New York, 2016: 395, 398.
Warner-Johnson, Tim, and Jeremy Howard, eds. Colnaghi: Past, Present and Future: An Anthology. London, 2016: 4-5, color fig. 6.
2020
Cavazzini, Patrizia. "Raphael 1520-1483." Exhibition review. Burlington 162, no. 1,412 (November 2020): 984, 985, color fig. 9.
2023
Pergam, Elizabeth A. "Collecting the United States: William F. Davidson and the westward expansion of M. Knoedler & Co." Colnaghi Studies Journal 12 (March 2023): 114, fig. 1, 117.
Kondziella, Martha. Sodoma: Die Tafel- und Leinwanbilder. Merzhausen, 2023: 199-200.
Wikidata ID
Q254923