The Annunciation
c. 1434/1436
Artist, Netherlandish, c. 1390 - 1441

A play and a painting appear to have merged in Jan van Eyck’s dramatic Annunciation, which is rich with Christian symbolism. The rainbow-winged archangel Gabriel tells the Virgin Mary that God has chosen her to bear his son. This message is revealed in gold letters near the angel’s mouth. Mary throws up her hands in surprise but accepts her fate. Her reply is noted in a golden phrase, written in reverse for God to see from above. This divine scene is set in a church, with every arch, window, and column finely rendered in detail.

West Building Main Floor, Gallery 39
Artwork overview
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Medium
oil on canvas transferred from panel
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Credit Line
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Dimensions
painted surface: 90.2 x 34.1 cm (35 1/2 x 13 7/16 in.)
support: 92.7 x 36.7 cm (36 1/2 x 14 7/16 in.)
framed: 97.31 × 42.23 × 6.99 cm (38 5/16 × 16 5/8 × 2 3/4 in.) -
Accession
1937.1.39
More About this Artwork

Interactive Article: Stories and Symbols in Jan van Eyck’s "The Annunciation"
The work is a triumph of early Northern Renaissance painting—and storytelling.

Video: Jan van Eyck's "The Annunciation" (ASL)
This video provides an ASL description of Jan van Eyck's painting, The Annunciation.
Artwork history & notes
Provenance
Possibly the Chartreuse de Champmol, near Dijon.[1] Sale, Paris, 1819. (Charles J. Nieuwenhuys, Brussels). William II, King of the Netherlands [d. 1849], in Brussels until 1841, thereafter The Hague;[2] (sale, The Hague, 12 August 1850, no. 1); bought by Bruni for Czar Nicholas I of Russia [1796-1855], Saint Petersburg; Imperial Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg;[3] purchased June 1930 through (Matthiesen Gallery, Berlin; P. & D. Colnaghi & Co., London; and M. Knoedler & Co., New York) by Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C.; deeded 5 June 1931 to The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, Pittsburgh; gift 1937 to NGA.
[1] C.J. Nieuwenhuys, Description de la Galerie des Tableaux de S.M. le Roi des Pays-Bas, (Brussels, 1843), 2, on the history of the painting says: "D'après les meilleurs renseignements qu'on a pu obtenir, ce tableau faisait suite à deux autres peintures du même maitre; il a été peint pour Philippe le Bon, duc de Bourgogne, et destiné à orner un monument réligieux à Dijon." S. Reinach, "Three Early Panels from the Ducal Residence at Dijon," Burlington Magazine 50 (1927), 239, published a fragmentary description written in 1791 of three paintings kept in the Prior's room, but originally in the ducal chapel of the Chartreuse de Champmol. This reads in part: "Dans la chambre du Prieur on conserve deux tableaux sur bois dans le genre des premiers peintres flamands, qui proviennent des chapelles [sic] des Ducs: ils ont environ 4 pieds de haut. Le premier, d'à peu près un pied de large, est un Annonciation..." Although the dimensions do not match those of the Gallery's painting, the general shape is similar and the tall, narrow format is rather unusual for a Netherlandish Annunciation. Nieuwenhuys' statement that the painting came from Dijon, coupled with the 1791 description, raises the possibility that 1937.1.39 is identical with the painting mentioned as being in the Chartreuse de Champmol. The manuscript is in the Bibliothèque Publique, Dijon, Ms. 88, fol. 53.
[2] Nieuwenhuys 1843 (as per n. 1 above), 2; in 1841 the works of art were transported from Brussels to a gallery built for them in The Hague.
[3] The Getty Provenance Index lists The J. Paul Getty Museum's copy of the auction catalogue as its source for the name of the agent Bruni (who is not listed in the provenance as it is published in the NGA Systematic Catalogue).
Associated Names
Exhibition History
1907
Exposition de la toison d'or et de l'art néerlandais sous les Ducs de Bourgogne, Bruges, 1907, no. 175.
1994
Jan Van Eyck's 'Annunciation', National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1994, brochure, color repro.
1997
Masterpieces from Museums Around the World: Van Eyck 'Annunciation' from the Collection of the National Gallery of Art (Washington, D. C.), The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, 1997, no cat.
Van Eyck's 'Annunciation': The Meeting of Heaven and Earth, The Art Institute of Chicago, 1997, brochure, color repro. on cover and fig. 2 (detail).
1998
Recognizing Van Eyck, The National Gallery, London; Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1998, no. 3, repro.
2002
Jan van Eyck, de Vlaamse Primitieven en het Zuiden [Jan van Eyck, Early Netherlandish Painting and Southern Europe], Groeningemuseum, Bruges, 2002, no. 19, fig. 17, repro. (catalogue titled The Age of Van Eyck, 1430-1530: The Mediterranean World and Early Netherlandish Painting).
2012
The Road to Van Eyck, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, 2012-2013.
2015
Dialog der Meisterwerke. English Masterworks in Dialogue: Eminent Guests for the Anniversary, Städel Museum, Frankfurt, 2015-2016.
2018
Truth and Beauty: the Pre-Raphaelites and the Old Masters, Legion of Honor, San Francisco, 2018.
2020
Jan van Eyck: An Optical Revolution, Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Ghent, 2020, no. 1.3, repro.
Bibliography
1833
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1843
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1845
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1872
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1879
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1887
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1898
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1899
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1900
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1903
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1904
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1906
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1907
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Strange, Edward. "The Exhibition of the Golden Fleece at Bruges." The Connoisseur 19, no. 73 (1907): 32, repro.
Friedländer, Max J. "Eyck, Jan van." In Thieme-Becker. 37 vols. Leipzig, 1907-1950: 11(1915):129-133.
1908
Les Chefs-d'oeuvre d'art ancien à l'exposition de la toison d'or à Bruges en 1907. Brussels, 1908: 78, pl. 361.
Saintenoy, Paul. L'Église Saint-Jacques de Compostelle et le décor architectural de l'Annonciation de Jean van Eyck. Antwerp, 1908: 4-5, 8-10.
Weale, W. H. James. Hubert and John van Eyck. Their Life and Work. London, 1908: 119-122, no. 16, repro. betw. 118 and 119.
1909
Wrangell, Baron Nicolas. Les Chefs-d’Oeuvre de la Galérie de Tableaux de l’Ermitage Impérial à St. Pétersbourg. London, 1909: 11, repro. 62.
1910
"Extraits des procès-verbaux des séances. Séance de rentrée du 13 novembre 1907." Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belle-lettres de Dijon 4e sér. 11 (1910): 70.
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1912
Kern, G. Joseph. "Perspective und Bildarchitektur bei Jan van Eyck." Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft 35 (1912): 50-51.
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1913
Durand-Gréville, E. Review of The Van Eycks and their Art by W. H. James Weale and Maurice Brockwell. In La Chronique des Arts et de la Curiosité no. 32 (1913): 254.
1919
Huizinga, Johan. Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen. Haarlem, 1919: 474-476.
1921
Brockwell, Maurice. "Exposition des Beaux-Arts de Burlington Club." La Chronique des Arts et de la Curiosité no. 2 (1921): 14.
Conway, Martin. The Van Eycks and Their Followers. London, 1921: 64-65.
1922
Pfister, Kurt. Van Eyck. Munich, 1922: 62, pl. 14.
1924
Schmarsow, August. Hubert und Jan van Eyck. Leipzig, 1924: 135-141, pl. 29.
Winkler, Friedrich. Die alniederländische Malerei. Berlin, 1924: 49.
Friedländer, Max J. Die altniederländische Malerei 14 vols.,1924-1937. Berlin, 1924: 1:104-105, pl. 44. (English ed., 14 vols., 1967-1976. Leiden, 1967: 1:63-64, pl. 57.)
1925
Burger, Willy. Die Malerei in den Niederlanden 1400-1550. Munich, 1925: 18-20, pl. 10.
1927
Reinach, S. "Three Early Panels from the Ducal Residence at Dijon."The Burlington Magazine 50 (1927): 234-245.
1928
Demonts, Louis. "Le Maître de l'Annonciation d'Aix, des van Eyck à Antonello de Messine." Revue de l'art ancien et moderne 53 (1928): 265, 278.
1932
Tolnai, Karl von. "Zur Herkunft des Stiles der van Eyck." Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst 9 (1932): 322.
1934
Friedländer, Max J. "A New Painting by van Eyck." The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 65, no. 376 (July 1934): 3.
Jong, Johannes de. Architektuur bij de Nederlandsche Schilders vóór de Hervorming. Amsterdam, 1934: 70-71, 134, 155-156, figs. 65, 128, 149.
1935
"Mellon Holdings Are Announced by Knoedler & Co." Art News 33 (23 February, 1935): 4, repro. 9.
"Mellon to Give Gallery and 19,000,000 of Art to Nation." Art Digest 9 (1 March, 1935): 6, repro.
Panofsky, Erwin. "The Friedsam Annunciation and the Problem of the Ghent Altarpiece." Art Bulletin 17, no. 4 (December 1935): 449, 468, 471, 473, fig. 22.
Tietze, Hans. Meisterwerke europäischer Malerei in Amerika. Vienna, 1935: 123, repro. (English ed., Masterpieces of European Painting in America. New York, 1939: 123, repro.).
1936
Robb, David. "The Iconography of the Annunciation in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries." Art Bulletin 18 (1936): 506-508, fig. 31.
1937
Beenken, Hermann. "The Annunciation of Petrus Christus in the Metropolitan Museum and the Problem of Hubert van Eyck." Art Bulletin 19 (1937): 231.
Dupont, Jacques. "Les peintures de la Chartreuse de Champmol." Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de l'Art Français (1937): 155-157.
Cortissoz, Royal. An Introduction to the Mellon Collection. Boston, 1937: repro. opposite p. 31.
Jewell, Edward Alden. "Mellon's Gift." Magazine of Art 30, no. 2 (February 1937): 82.
1938
Burroughs, Alan. Art Criticism from a Laboratory. Boston, 1938: 201-202.
1939
De Tolnay, Charles. Le Maître de Flémalle et les frères van Eyck. Brussels, 1939: 25, 66, no. 5, repro. 71-73.
1941
Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941: 61-62, no. 39.
Held, Julius S. "Masters of Northern Europe, 1430-1660, in the National Gallery." Art News 40, no. 8 (June 1941): 11, repro.
De Tolnay, Charles. "Flemish Paintings in the National Gallry of Art." Magazine of Art 34 (April 1941): 175-176, 178, figs. 1, 3-5.
1942
Friedländer, Max J. On Art and Connoisseurship. London, 1942: 186-187.
Book of Illustrations. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1942: 240, repro. 38.
1943
Beenken, Hermann. Hubert und Jan van Eyck. 2d ed. Munich, 1943: 78-80, 88, pl. 106.
1944
Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. Masterpieces of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1944: 84, color repro.
1945
Meiss, Millard. "Light as Form and Symbol in Some Fifteenth-Century Paintings." Art Bulletin 27 (1945): 178-179, fig. 4.
1946
Favorite Paintings from the National Gallery of Art Washington, D.C.. New York, 1946: 43-45, color repro.
1948
Beer, E. S. de. "Gothic: Origin and Diffusion of the Term; the Idea of Style in Architecture." Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld InstitutesI 11 (1948): 159.
Musper, Theodor. Untersuchungen zu Rogier van der Weyden und Jan van Eyck. Stuttgart, 1948: 104-105, pl. 165.
1949
Paintings and Sculpture from the Mellon Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1949 (reprinted 1953 and 1958): 52, repro.
L. J. Roggeveen. "De National Gallery of Art te Washington." Phoenix 4, no. 12 (December 1949): 340.
1950
Kauffmann, Hans. "Jan van Eyck's `Arnolfinihochzeit.'" Geistige Welt 4 (January, 1950): 48-49, repro.
1952
Baldass, Ludwig. Jan van Eyck. London, 1952: 54-55, 277-278, no. 9, pl. 113-115.
Ladoué, Pierre. "La Scène de L'Annunciation vue par les peintres." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 39 (1952): 355.
Meiss, Millard. "`Nicolas Albergati' and the Chronology of Jan van Eyck's Portraits." The Burlington Magazine 94 (1952): 137.
1953
Panofsky Erwin. Early Netherlandish Painting: Its Origins and Character. 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass., 1953: 1:137-139, 147-148, 193-194, 2: pl. 111, fig. 238.
1954
Fourez, Lucien. "L'Évêque Chevrot de Tournai et sa Cité de Dieu." Revue Belge d'Archéologie et d'Histoire de l'Art 23 (1954): 100-101, fig. 16.
Tietze, Hans. Treasures of the Great National Galleries. New York, 1954: 112, 122-123, pl. 195.
1955
Winkler, Friedrich. Review of Early Netherlandish Painting by Erwin Panofsky. In Kunstchronik 8 (1955): 22.
1956
Herzog, Erich. "Zur Kirchenmadonna van Eycks." Berliner Museen 6 (1956): 5, 14.
Pächt, Otto. "Review of Early Netherlandish Painting by Erwin Panofsky." The Burlington Magazine 98 (1956): 274.
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1956: 36, repro.
1957
Quarré, Pierre. "Fragment d'un primitif de la Chartreuse de Champmol au Musée des Arts Decoratifs." La Revue des Arts 7 (1957): 63.
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1960
Broadley Hugh T. Flemish Painting in the National Gallery of Art (Booklet no. 5 in Ten Schools of Painting in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC). Washington, 1960: 12-13, color repro.
[Pierre Quarré]. La Chartreuse de Champmol: Foyer d'art au temps des Ducs Valois. Exh. cat. Musée de Dijon, 1960: 15.
Wilenski, R. H. Flemish Painters 1430-1830. 2 vols. New York, 1960: 1:12.
The National Gallery of Art and Its Collections. Foreword by Perry B. Cott and notes by Otto Stelzer. National Gallery of Art, Washington (undated, 1960s): 7, 19, color repro.
1961
Denis, Valentin. All the Paintings of Jan van Eyck. New York, 1961: 28, 48, pls. 81-85.
Faggin, Giuseppe. Van Eyck. Verona, 1961: 116, 126, 195, no. 14, figs. 73-76.
Kurz, Otto. "Eyck, Hubert, and Jan van." In Encyclopedia of World Art. 16 vols. New York, Toronto, and London, 1959-1983. Vol 5 (1961): column 327.
Meiss, Millard. "`Highlands' in the Lowlands. Jan van Eyck, the Master of Flémalle and the Franco-Italian Tradition." Gazette des Beaux Arts 57 (1961): 310.
Schilling, Rosy. "Das Llangattock-Stundenbuch. Sein Verhältnis zu Van Eyck und dem Vollender des Turin Mailänder Stundenbuches." Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch 23 (1961): 225.
Seznec, Jean. "Michelet et l'Annonciation." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 58 (1961): 147, fig. 151.
1963
Bauch, Kurt. "Bildnisse des Jan van Eyck." Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Jahresheft 1961/1962. Wiesbaden, 1963: 101. Repr. in Kurt Bauch, Studien zur Kunstgechichte. Berlin, 1967: 83.
Bruyn, Josua. "Twee Kardinaalsportretten in het werk van Jan van Eyck." Album Discipulorum J. G. van Gelder. Utrecht, 1963: 30.
McNamee, M. B. "Further Symbolism in the Portinari Altarpiece." Art Bulletin 45, no. 2 (June 1963): 143.
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 96, repro.
1965
Bol, L. J. Jan van Eyck. New York, 1965: 87, repro. 47.
Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 48.
1966
Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 1:74-75, color repro.
Schiller, Gertrud. Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst. 6 vols. Gütersloh, 1966-1990: 1:60-62, 213, 288-289, fig. 116.
Walton, William. "Parnassus on Potomac." Art News 65 (March 1966): 37.
1967
Thalheimer, Siegfried. Der Genter Altar. Munich, 1967: 71.
1968
Cuttler, Charles D. Northern Painting, from Pucelle to Bruegel: Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries. New York, 1968: 85-86, fig. 101.
Faggin, Giorgio T. L'opera completa dei van Eyck. Milan, 1968: 94-95, repro. no. 18, pls. 35-36.
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture: Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 41, repro.
Meiss, Millard. French Painting in the Time of Jean de Berry: The Bouciaut Master. London, 1968: 72-73.
Gandolfo, Giampaolo et al. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Great Museums of the World. New York, 1968: 12, 106-107, color repro.
1969
Blum, Shirley Neilsen. Early Netherlandish Triptychs. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969: 10.
Minott, Charles. "The Theme of the Mérode Altarpiece." Art Bulletin 51 (1969): 267.
Pauwels, H. "Review of Der Genter Altar by Siegfried Thalheimer." The Burlington Magazine 111 (1969): 393.
Peman y Pemartin, Cesar. Juan van Eyck y España. Cadiz, 1969: 43-44, fig. 24.
1970
Cooke, Hereward Lester. The National Gallery of Art in Washington. Munich and Ahrbeck/Hanover, 1970: 60-61, color fig. 27.
1971
Philip, Lotte Brand. The Ghent Altarpiece and the Art of Jan van Eyck. Princeton, 1971: 139, fig. 138.
Strauss, Konrad. "Keramikgefässe, insbesondere Fayencegefässe auf Tafelbildern der deutschen und niederländischen Schule des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts." Keramik-Freunde der Schweiz. Mitteilungsblatt no. 84 (197l): 22, pl. 3, fig. 1.
1972
Braunfels, Wolfgang. Monasteries of Western Europe. Princeton, 1972: 120, fig. 145.
Kahr, Madlyn. "Delilah." Art Bulletin 54 (1972): 284.
1973
Koller, Manfred. "Der Albrechtsmeister und Conrad Laib. Technologische Beiträge zur Tafelmalerei des `Realistischen Stiles' in Österreich." Österreichische Zeitschrift für Kunst und Denkmalpflege 27 (1973): 52.
Stangel, Andrew Laurie. "The Cartographic Symbolism in Jan van Eyck's Annunciation in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C." Comitatus 4 (1973): 41-48, repro. 44, 45.
Finley, David Edward. A Standard of Excellence: Andrew W. Mellon Founds the National Gallery of Art at Washington. Washington, 1973: 22, [26] repro.
1974
Birkmeyer, Karl. Review of The Ghent Altarpiece and the Art of Jan van Eyck by Lotte Brand Philip. In The Art Bulletin 56 (1974): 286.
Meiss, Millard. French Painting in the Time of Jean de Berry: The Limbourgs and their Contemporaries. New York, 1974: 446.
Walker, John. Self-Portrait with Donors: Confessions of an Art Collector. Boston, 1974: 115.
1975
Collier, James Mitchell. "Linear Perspective in Flemish Painting and the Art of Petrus Christus and Dirk Bouts." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1975: 62-63, fig. 16.
Ward, John L. "Hidden Symbolism in Jan van Eyck's Annunciations." Art Bulletin 57, no. 2 (June 1975): 196-208, repro.
European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 124, 125, repro.
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1975: 120, repro. 121.
1976
Sterling, Charles. "Jan van Eyck avant 1432." Revue de l'Art no. 33 (1976): 9, 11.
1977
Williams, Carolyn. "Jan van Eyck's Annunciation: An Iconographical Study." M.A. thesis, University of Delaware, 1977.
1978
Bernardini, Cecilia. Jan van Eyck. Rome, 1978: 12, pl. 20.
Panhans-Bühler, Ursula. Eklektizismus und Originalität im Werk des Petrus Christus. Vienna, 1978: 71, fig. 4.
1979
Châtelet, Albert. Van Eyck. Bologna, 1979: 40, 42, pl. 7.
Watson, Ross. The National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1979: 47-48, pl. 30.
Williams, Robert C. "The Quiet Trade: Russian Art and American Money." The Wilson Quarterly, Vol. 3 (Winter 1979): 165-166, repro.
1980
Dhanens, Elisabeth. Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Antwerp, 1980: 355, 358, fig. 221.
1981
Lyman, Thomas. "Architectural Portraiture and Jan van Eyck's Washington Annunciation." Gesta 20 no. 1 (1981): 263-271, fig. 1.
O'Meara, Carra Ferguson. "Isabelle of Portugal as the Virgin in Jan van Eyck's Washington Annunciation." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 97 (1981): 99-103, figs. 1-2.
1982
Purtle, Carol J. The Marian Paintings of Jan van Eyck. Princeton, 1982: 40-58, 60, 75, figs. 26, 28-29.
1983
Giltay, J. Review of Hubert and Jan van Eyck by Elisabeth Dhanens. In Simiolus 13 (1983): 56-57.
1984
Lane, Barbara G. The Altar and the Altarpiece: Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting. New York, 1984: 45-47, fig. 28.
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 120, no. 104, cover, color repro.
1985
European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 150, repro.
Snyder, James E. Northern Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, the Graphic Arts from 1350-1575. New York, 1985: 103-104, fig. 103.
1986
Hand, John Oliver and Martha Wolff. Early Netherlandish Painting. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington,1986: 76-86, color repro. 77.
1989
Hinterding, Erik, and Fenny Horsch. “A Small but Choice Collection: The Art Gallery of King Willem II of the Netherlands (1792-1849).” Simiolus 20 (1989): 5, 8, fig. 4, 9, 10, n. 19, 42, n. 174, 56, no. 1.
1991
Kopper, Philip. America's National Gallery of Art: A Gift to the Nation. New York, 1991: 88, 90, 91, color repro.
Harbison, Craig. Jan van Eyck: The Play of Realism. Seattle, 1991: 174-175, fig. 114. (Second edition, London, 2012: 192-193, 233-234, color fig. 108.)
1992
National Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1992: 40, color repro.
Hall, Nicholas H. J., ed. Colnaghi in America: A Survey to Commemorate the First Decade of Colnaghi, New York. New York, 1992: 133.
1993
"National Gallery of Art, Washington." La Muse: Bulletin of the Tokyo Fuki Art Museum 4, no. 27 (1993): 26, repro.
Adams, Laurie Schneider. Art and Psychoanalysis. New York, 1993: 228-230, fig. 83
1994
Hand, John Oliver. Jan van Eyck's 'Annunication'. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1994.
1995
Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York, 1995: 18, fig. 5.
Held, Heinz-Georg. Engel: Geschichte eines Bildmotivs. Cologne, 1995: 150-153, color fig. 6.
1996
Huizinga, Johan. The Autumn of the Middle Ages. Translated by Rodney J. Payton and Ulrich Mammitzsch. Chicago, 1996: 335-336, pl. 29.
Herzner, Volker. Jan van Eyck und der Genter Altar. Worms, 1996: 116, 122 note 31, 129 note 56, 150, 243, fig. 40.
Wallis, Stephen. "Sketchbook: Knoedler Turns 150." Art & Antiques 19, no. 10 (November 1996): 18, color repro.
Hunter, Sam and Melissa de Medeiros. The Rise of the Art World in America: Knoedler at 150. Exh. cat. M. Knoedler & Company, New York, 1996: 13.
Landi, Ann. "150 Years of Helping Shape a Nation's Taste." New York Times (December 1, 1996): 46.
1997
Butler, Marigene H. “An Investigation of the Philadelphia “Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata.” In Jan van Eyck: Two Paintings of Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata, edited by Joseph J. Rishel. Exh. cat. Philadelphia, 1997: 40-41, 44 nt. 1, 45, nt. 22, 46, nt. 23, color fig. 57.
Richler, Martha. National Gallery of Art, Washington: A World of Art. London, 1997: 40-41, color fig. 21.
Kehoe, Thomas J., Harold E. Damerow, Jose E. Duvall. Exploring Western Civilization, to 1648: A Workbook for the Active Student. Dubuque, 1997: 431, fig. 5.5.
Shaw-Eagle, Joanna. "Christ's Birth Gave Birth to Astounding Images: Gallery Glitters with holy Masterpieces." Washington Times (December 21, 1997): D1, repro.
1998
Ainsworth, Maryan W. "Religious Painting from about 1420 to 1500: In the Eye of the Beholder." In From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Edited by Maryan W. Ainsworth and Keith Christiansen. Exh. cat. Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1998: 79, 81-82, fig. 44.
Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane. "Virgin/Virginity." In Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art. Chicago, 1998: 2:905.
McLellan, Diana. "Really Big Shows." Washingtonian 33, no. 11 (August 1998): 70.
1999
Toman, Rolf, ed. Art of Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting. Translated by Christian von Arnim. Cologne, 1999: 407, color repro.
Vogel, Carol. "Finding Fashion and History on th Edges: Museums Look Again at Their Picture Frames." New York Times (September 2, 1999): C1, C3.
Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. 2 vols. Revised ed. New York, 1999: 2:18, fig. 5.
2000
Il'in, Nikolas, and Natalia Semënova. Prodannye sokrovishcha Rossii [Sold Treasures of Russia]. Moscow, 2000: 180-181, repro.
2001
Jong, Martien J.G. de. Kerstfeest in de Middeleeuwen. Leuven, 2001: 80, 89, color fig. 43.
Holm, Kerstin. "Kaum enteignet, schon verscherbelt." Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung no. 23 (27 January 2001): 21.
2002
Borchert, Till-Holger. "The Age of Van Eyck: The Mediterranean World and Early Netherlandish Painting 1430-1530. Exh. cat. Groeningemuseum, Bruges. London, 2002: 22, 67, fig. 17.
Prochno, Renate. _ Die Kartause von Champmol: Grablege der burgundischen Herzöge 1364-1477_. Berlin, 2002: 207-209, fig. 107.
Kaufman, John Edward. "Show of Netherlandish Art Another Charm of Brugge." Washington Times (June 15, 2002): 52.
2004
Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 38-41, no. 28, color repros.
2005
Snyder, James E. Northern Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, the Graphic Arts from 1350 to 1575. Revised by Larry Silver and Henry Luttikhuizen. Upper Saddle River, 2005: 99-100, fig. 5.16.
Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. Rev. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, 2005: 593, color fig. 17-12.
2006
Purtle, Carol J. "The Context of Van Eyck's Approach to the Thyssen Annunciation Diptych." In Hand, John Oliver and Ron Spronk, eds. Essays in Context: Unfolding the Netherlandish Diptych. Cambridge and New Haven, 2006: 76-77, fig. 4
Carl, Doris. Benedetto da Maiano: A Florentine Sculptor at the Threshold of the High Renaissance. 2 vols. Turnhout, Belgium, 2006: 347
2008
Lindquist, Sherry C.M. _ Agency, Visuality and Society at the Chartreuse de Champmol_. Aldershot, 2008: 78-79 nt.203.
Nash, Susie. Northern Renaissance Art. Oxford History of Art. Oxford, 2008: 205.
Borchert, Till-Holger. Van Eyck. Cologne, 2008: 49-51, color repro.
2009
Hudson, Hugh. Jan van Eyck: The Ince Hall Virgin and Child and the Scientific Examination of Early Netherlandish Painting. Saarbrücken, 2009: 94, 125, 156, 160, 170, 210, 265.
Odom, Anne, and Wendy R. Salmond, eds. Treasures into Tractors: The Selling of Russia's Cultural Heritage, 1918-1938. Washington, 2009: 91, 104 n. 50-51,130 fig. 5.8, 131, fig. 5.9, 135 n. 62.
2010
Nagel, Alexander and Christopher Wood. Anachronic Renaissance. Brooklyn, 2010: 155-156, 158, 337, fig. 14.4.
2011
Kemperdick, Stephan. “Saints with Shadows: Konrad Witz and Netherlandish Painting.” In Konrad Witz. Exh. cat. Kunstmuseum Basel, 2011. Ostfildern, 2011: 41, color fig. 19.
Fiedler, Susanne, and Torsten Knuth. "Vexierbilder einer Biographie: Dr. Heinz Mansfeld (1899-1959)." Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher 126 (2011):307.
2012
Jack, Belinda. The Woman Reader. New Haven, 2012: 110, fig. 27.
Uspenski, Boris. "The Composition of the Ghent Altarpiece (Divine and Human Perspectives)." In Vision and Material: Interaction Between Art and Science in Jan van Eyck's Time. Brussels, 2012: 198-199, color fig. 10.6.
2013
König, Eberhard. “Wie die Welt in die Bilder kam.” Weltkunst 68 (January 2013): 44, 47, 49, color repro.
Harris, Neil. Capital Culture: J. Carter Brown, the National Gallery of Art, and the Reinvention of the Museum Experience. Chicago and London, 2013: 2, 465.
Gifford, E. Melanie, Catherine A. Metzger, and John K. Delaney. "Jan van Eyck's Washington Annunciation: Painting Materials and Techiques." and David Bull, "The Cleaning and Restoration of Jan van Eyck's Washington Annunciation." Facture: conservation, science, art history 1 (2013): 128-153, figs. 1-17a, b, 19a-k, 156-166, figs. 1-8.
Semyonova, Natalya, and Nicolas V. Iljine, eds. Selling Russia's Treasures: The Soviet Trade in Nationalized Art 1917-1938. New York and London, 2013: 138, 139, 170, 206, repro.
2014
Lavin, Marilyn Aronberg. An Allegory of Divine Love: the Netherlandish Blockbook Canticum canticorum. Early Modern Catholicism and the Visual Arts 10. Philadelphia, 2014): 55, 56, color fig. 42.
2016
Farago, Jason. "A Closer Look, From Jesus to Judgment." New York Times 165, no. 56,133 (February 5, 2016): C23.
Jaques, Susan. The Empress of Art: Catherine the Great and the Transformation of Russia. New York, 2016: 398.
Warner-Johnson, Tim, and Jeremy Howard, eds. Colnaghi: Past, Present and Future: An Anthology. London, 2016: 50, color plate 2.
National Gallery of Art. Highlights from the National Gallery of Art, Washington. Washington, 2016: repro. 44, 45.
Capron, Emma. "Collecting Jan van Eyck from Europe to America." In The Charterhouse of Bruges: Jan van Eyck, Petrus Christus, and Jan Vos. Exh. cat. Frick Collection 2016. New York, 2016: 31, 111, 114, 116, 129, 130 note 31; 109 color fig. 68; 106 color repro.
2018
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Truth & Beauty: A Pictorial. Pictoria series. San Francisco, 2018: 4, 16-17, color fig. 18, back cover color detail. ["Adopted from the exhibition catalog."]
2019
Saracino, Francesco. "Meditazioni su un cuscino di Jan van Eyck." Iconographica XVIII (2019): 72-81, figs. 1, 2 (det).
2021
Adams, Laurie Schneider. "Semiotics I, Structuralism and Post-Structuralism." In The Methodologies of Art: An Introduction. 2nd ed. London, 2021: 162, 163, fig. 66.
Huizinga, Johan. Autumntide of the Middle Ages: A Study of Forms of Life and Thought of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries in France and the Low Countries. Leiden, 2021: 419-420, color fig. 20.7.
2022
Bernhard Ridderbos, "Choices and Intentions in the Mérode Altarpiece," Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art 14, no. 2 (Winter 2022): fig. 11. DOI: 10.5092/jhna.2022.14.1.2
2023
Acres, Alfred. Jan van Eyck within His Art. London, 2023: 53-54, 57, fig. 18 (detail), 58, 63, 73-74, 92, fig. 29, 94-96, 97, fig. 30 (detail), 100, 105, 107, 152.
Inscriptions
top of back wall to the right of furthest left figure: MOYSES F[I]SCELLA; above second figure from left: FI...PHARAONIS; on banderole: O IN VS HEBREORVM HIC EST; on globe in window: ASIA; above third figure from left: Moyses; on banderole: NO ASSVMES NOM DI TVI I VAN[VM]; above fourth figure from left: DNS; middle of back wall on left roundel: ISAAC; on right roundel: JACOB; to the right of Gabriel: AVE GRA PLENA; to the left of Mary, upside down and backwards: ECCE ANCILLA DNI; lower left on floor: A DALIDA VXORE S; lower center: SAVL REX; DAVID; GOLIAS; second row center: SAMSSON MVLTAS GENTES INTERFECIT T 9VIVIO
Wikidata ID
Q2734881