The Small Crucifixion, c. 1511/1520

Overview

Inscription

upper center on placard at top of cross: I.N.R.I

Provenance

Wilhelm V, duke of Bavaria [d. 1597], Munich. Maximilian I, duke of Bavaria [d. 1651], Munich.[1] Private collection, western Germany, possibly Westfalia.[2] Dr. Friedrich Schöne, Essen and Stettin (now Szczecin), by 1922; purchased 27 September 1927 by Franz Wilhelm Koenigs [1881-1941], Haarlem;[3] sold 1953 by his heirs to the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, New York;[4] gift 1961 to NGA.

Exhibition History

1928

Grünewald-Ausstellung, Staatliches Museum, Kupferstichkabinett, Berlin, December 1928-1929.

1929

Ausstellung alter Malerei aus Privatbesitz, Kunstmuseum, Düsseldorf, 1929, no. 27.

1935

Lent by Franz Koenigs to the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne, for six months in 1935.

1936

Lent by Franz Koenigs to the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum, Berlin, 1936.

1938

Meesterwerken uit vier Eeuwen 1400-1800, Museum Boymans, Rotterdam, 1938, no. 31.

1940

Deposited by Franz Koenigs and heirs with the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, from appx. 1940 to 1953, with the exception of 1952 when the painting was lent to the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

1961

Art Treasures for America: An Anthology of Paintings & Sculpture in the Samuel H. Kress Collection, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1961-1962, no. 75, 77, repro.

Technical Summary

The painting is composed of three vertical boards.[1] As viewed from the recto, the widths of the boards are approximately 11.8 cm, 11.5 cm, and 21.6 cm wide, from right to left. There is a shallow sawdust fill on the verso along the right-hand join. The left board contains two rectangular inserts that are probably replacements for knotholes. The panel is warped in a continuous convex curve and has suffered worm infestation. On the verso, which has been thinned, a series of shallow saw kerfs form a diamond pattern. Original paint extends to the edges of the support, and earlier reports of an unpainted border approximately 1 cm wide suggest that the panel edges may have been trimmed.[2] Examination with infrared reflectography did not disclose underdrawing. X-radiography reveals that the undermodeling in John's robes originally described different folds and contours. The little finger of the Virgin's proper left hand has been shortened, and the right contour of Christ's loincloth has been altered.

Most of the figures are intact despite damage and numerous areas of retouching and abrasion. There are four roughly circular losses in John's robe and a large irregular loss in the sky to the left of Christ's torso. There are small scattered losses throughout and abrasion of the paint surface, particularly in the background landscape.

The painting was restored in 1922.[3] In 1936 the letters mg were revealed at the top of the cross as a result of restoration; these are in all likelihood a composite of an old and a more recent retouching.[4]

[1] The wood was identified as linden by Peter Klein, examination report, 29 September 1987, in NGA curatorial files.

[2] Schoenberger 1922, 36, and Zülch 1938, 325, mention unpainted edges; Schoenberger states that a chalk ground extended over the unpainted edges.

[3] Schoenberger 1922, 35-36, describes the painting's condition.

[4] According to Zülch 1938, 325, the painting was treated twice before it was restored by Otto Klein in 1936. See also the memorandum recording a conversation between William P. Campbell and Otto Klein, 8 May 1970, in NGA curatorial files; and Saran and Schmeidler 1974, 212-213, based on an interview with Klein in 1965. The letters mg were accepted as autograph by Zülch 1938, 325, and many subsequent authors. Kress 1956, 100, suggested that the letters were from the seventeenth century and stood for "Mathis Grünewald." I am grateful to Laetitia Yeandle, curator of manuscripts, Folger Shakespeare Library, for her paleographic observations.

Bibliography

1675

Sandrart, Joachim von. L'academia Todesca della architectura, scultura & pittura: oder, Teutsche Academie der edlen Bau-, Bild-, und Mahlerey-Künste. Zweyten Theil. Nürnberg, 1675: 236.

1884

Niedermayer, Friedrich. "Mathias Grünewald." Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft 7 (1884): 249-251.

1894

Reber, Franz von. Geschichte der Malerei vom Anfang des 14. bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Munich, 1894: 247.

1907

Schmid, Heinrich Alfred. "Grünewald, Matthias." In Thieme, Ulrich, and Felix Becker, eds. Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler, von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart . 37 vols. Leipzig, 1907-1950: 15(1922):137.

1909

Schmid, Heinrich Alfred. "Die Chronologie der Werke Grünewalds." Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft 32 (1909): 413.

1911

Schmid, Heinrich Alfred. Die Gemälde und Zeichnungen von Matthias Grünewald. Strasbourg, 1911: 226-228.

1913

Josten, H. H. Matthias Grünewald. Bielefeld and Leipzig, 1913: 66-68, fig. 66-67.

1920

Mayer, August L. Matthias Grünewald. Munich, 1920: 11, 42-43, 82, no. 20, fig. 6

1922

Friedländer, Max J. "Grünewalds einst beim Bayernherzog bewahrte Kreuzigung." Jahrbuch der Preussischen Kunstsammlungen 43 (1922): 60-62, repro.

1922

Schoenberger, Guido. "Matthias Grünewalds 'Klein Crucifix'." Städel-Jahrbuch 2 (1922): 33-52, pls. 9-13.

1923

Hagen, Oskar. Matthias Grünewald. Munich, 1923: 80-81, 89-91, 234-235, no. 2a, figs. 20a-20c.

1924

Feurstein, Heinrich. "Zur Deutung des Bildgehaltes bei Grünewald." In Buchner, Ernst and Karl Feuchtmayr, eds. Oberdeutsche Kunst der Spätgotik und Reformationszeit. Augsburg, 1924: 144, n. 3.

1925

Sandrart, Joachim von. Joachim von Sandrarts Academie der Bau-, Bild, -und Mahlerey-Künste von 1675. Leben der berühmten Maler, Bildhauer und Baumeister. Edited by Alfred R. Peltzer. Abridged from Nuremberg 1675-1679. Munich, 1925: 82, 389 n. 261.

1926

Kloss, Ernst. "Ein verschollenes Bild Grünewalds." Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst 60 no. 12 (N.F. 36) 286.

1927

Hausenberg, Margarethe. Matthias Grünewald im Wandel der deutschen Kunstanschauung. Leipzig, 1927: 19, 39-44.

1929

Scharf, Alfred. "Alte Malerei aus Rheinisch-Westfälischem Privatbesitz: Die Jubiläumsausstellung des Kunstvereins für die Rheinlande und Westfalen in Düsseldorf." Der Cicerone 21 no. 13 (1929): 370, repro.

1930

Feurstein, Heinrich. Matthias Grünewald. Bonn, 1930: 73, 114-118, fig. 45.

1932

Feulner, Adolf. "Ein Zinnkruzifix nach Grünewald." Städel-Jahrbuch 7-8 (1932): 172.

1933

Meyenberg, Clemens. "Ein echter 'Grünewald'?" St. Meinrads Raben: Zeitschrift der Stiftsschule Einsiedeln 22 (1933): 104-107.

1935

Deusch, Werner R. Deutsche Malerei des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts. Berlin, 1935: 26, pl. 38. (English ed. New York, 1973: 28, pl. 38).

1935

Falke, Otto von, ed. "Rundschau - Köln: Wallraf-Richartz-Museum." Pantheon 16 (November 1935): 380.

1935

Knapp, Fritz. Grünewald, Bielefeld and Leipzig, 1935: 39, 41, 46, no. IX, repro.

1936

Burkhard, Arthur. Matthias Grünewald, Personality and Accomplishment. Cambridge, Mass., 1936: 10-11, 49-52, pl. 50.

1936

Fraenger, Wilhelm. Matthias Grünewald in seinen Werken: ein physiognomischer Versuch. Berlin, 1936: 11-12, repro.

1936

Troche, E. G. "Rundschau: Berlin - Deutsche Zeichnungen aus der Sammlung Koenigs-Haarlem." Pantheon 18 (September 1936): 306.

1938

Zülch, Walter Karl. Der historische Grünewald. Mathis Gothardt-Neithardt. Munich, 1938: 123-131, 324-326, no. 9, figs. 63-67a.

1939

Hürlimann, Martin, and Werner R. Deusch. Grünewald: Das Werk des Meisters Mathis Gothardt Neithardt. Berlin and Zürich, 1939: no. 49, repro.

1940

Pinder, Wilhelm. Die deutsche Kunst der Dürerzeit. Leipzig, 1940: 268.

1943

Panofsky, Erwiln. Albrecht Dürer. 2 vols. Princeton, 1943: 1:146; 2:fig. 197.

1948

Schoenberger, Guido. The Drawings of Mathis Gothart Nithart called Gruenewald. New York, 1948: 25-26, under no. 2, 45, under A4, fig. A6.

1949

Weixlgärtner, Arpad. Dürer und Grünewald. Ein Versuch, die beiden Künstler zusammen -- in ihren Besonderheiten, ihrem Gegenspiel, ihrer Zeitgebundenheit--zu verstehen. Göteborg, 1949: 28-29, 38-39, 42, 52-53, 58-59, 62-63, 72, 90-91, 152.

1949

Zülch, Walter Karl. Grünewald, Mathis Gothardt-Neithardt. Munich, 1949: 21-22, 61, no. 6, figs. 22-23.

1951

Belz, Wilhelm. "Grünewald-Kopie im Wetterau-Museum in Friedberg." Heimat im Bild (supplement to the Giessener Anzeiger) no. 1 (4 January 1951): 1-2, repro.

1953

"Das Klein-Kruzifix des Bayern-Herzogs." Die Weltkunst 23 no. 18 (23 September 1953): 4, repro.

1954

Tietze, Hans. Treasures of the Great National Galleries. New York, 1954: 117-118, 123, pl. 200.

1955

Anzelewsky, Fedja. "Albrecht Dürer und Mathias Gothardt Nithardt." In Edwin Redslob zum 70. Geburtstag. Berlin, 1955: 294.

1955

Dittmann, Lorenz. Die Farbe bei Grünewald. Munich, 1955: 120.

1955

"Famous Venetian, French and German Paintings for America: Acquisitions for the Washington, D.C. National Gallery." The Illustrated London News 227 (16 July, 1955): 115, repro.

1956

Frankfurter, Alfred. "Crystal Anniversary in the Capital." Art News 55, no. 1 (March 1956): 35, repro. 26, 27, color repro.

1956

"New Kress Gift at Washington." The Studio 151 (1956): 80, repro.

1956

Paintings and Sculpture from the Kress Collection Acquired by the Samuel H. Kress Foundation 1951-56. Introduction by John Walker, text by William E. Suida and Fern Rusk Shapley. National Gallery of Art. Washington, 1956: 98-103, no. 36, repros.

1956

Shapley, Fern Rusk. National Gallery of Art. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C. Portfolio Number 5. Washington, 1956: no. 6, repro.

1956

Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1956: 9, repro.

1957

Shapley, Fern Rusk. Comparisons in Art: A Companion to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. London, 1957 (reprinted 1959): pl. 24.

1957

Vogt, Adolf Max. Grünewald. Mathis Gothart Nithart, Meister gegenklassischer Malerei. Zürich and Stuttgart, 1957: 42-45, 158-159, no. 7, fig. 14.

1958

Pevsner, Nikolaus and Michael Meier. Grünewald. New York, 1958: 36, no. 59, repro.

1958

Ruhmer, Eberhard. Grünewald: The Paintings: Complete Edition with Two Essays by J.-K. Huysmans. London, 1958: 120-121, color pl. 60-61.

1958

Virch, Claus. "The Crucifixion by Hendrick Terbrugghen." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin series 2, 16 no. 8 (April 1958): 223, 224, repro.

1959

"Grünewald." Sele arte 43 (September-December 1959): 11, i, v, xi, xvi.

1959

Paintings and Sculpture from the Samuel H. Kress Collection. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1959: 304, repro.

1960

Broadley Hugh T. German Painting in the National Gallery of Art (Booklet no. 9 in Ten Schools of Painting in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC). Washington, 1960: 8, 42, cover, color repro.

1960

The National Gallery of Art and Its Collections. Foreword by Perry B. Cott and notes by Otto Stelzer. National Gallery of Art, Washington (undated, 1960s): 4, 8, 20, color repro.

1961

Walker, John, Guy Emerson, and Charles Seymour. Art Treasures for America: An Anthology of Paintings & Sculpture in the Samuel H. Kress Collection. London, 1961: 83-85, 211, fig. 75, color fig. 76, 77.

1962

Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. Treasures from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1962: 68, color repro.

1962

Neugass, Fritz. "Die Auflösung der Sammlung Kress." Die Weltkunst 32 (1 January, 1962): 4.

1962

Weixlgärtner, Arpad. Grünewald. Vienna and Munich, 1962: 14, 21, 28-30, fig. 2.

1963

Lanckoronska, Maria. Matthäus Gotthart Neithart: Sinngehalt und Historischer Untergrund der Gemälde. Darmstadt, 1963: 60, 64-69, fig. 38.

1963

Sitzmann, Karl. "Grünewald, Matthias." In Encyclopedia of World Art. 16 vols. New York, Toronto, and London, 1959-1983. Vol. 7, 1963: col. 183.

1963

Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): -115, color repro. (Published in French and German in 1964.)

1965

Cooke, Hereward Lester. Galeria Nacional de Washington. Translated by Maria Teresa de la Cruz. Madrid, 1965: 222-226, repros.

1965

Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1965: 63.

1965

Winzinger, Franz. "Grünewald Mathis Gothart mit Beinamen Neithart oder Nithart, genannt." In Kindlers Malerei Lexikon, edited by Germain Bazin, et al. 6 vols. Zürich, 1964-1971. Zürich, 1965: 2:790, 802, no. 18, repro. 800.

1966

Benesch, Otto. German Painting. From Dürer to Holbein, transl. H.S.B. Harrison. Geneva, 1966: 84, 86.

1966

Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 1:108-109, color repro.

1966

Friend, David. The Creative Way to Paint. New York, 1966: 97, fig. 133.

1966

Sedgwick, John P. Discovering Modern Art: The Intelligent Layman's Guide to Painting from Impressionism to Pop. New York, 1966: pl. 20.

1967

Galavaris, George. "Grünewald, Matthias (Matthias Gothart Nithart)." In New Catholic Encyclopedia. 16 vols. New York, 1967: 6:818-819, repro.

1967

Huysmans, Joris-Karl. Trois primitifs: les Grünewald du musée de Colmar; le Maître de Flémalle et la Florentine du musée de Francfort-sur-le-Main. Images et Idées series. Paris, 1966: 104, no. 14, repro. (After the original text of 1905, e. A. Messein.)

1968

Christensen, Erwin O. A Guide to Art Museums in the United States. New York, 1968: 130, fig. 281.

1968

Cuttler, Charles D. Northern Painting, from Pucelle to Bruegel: Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries. New York, 1968: 361-362, fig. 470.

1968

Galvan, Jose Maria Moreno, ed. Galleria Nazionale di Washington. Madrid, 1968: 21, 36, color fig. 29.

1968

Gandolf, Giampaolo et al. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Great Museums of the World. New York, 1968: 13, 98, 100, 101 color repro.

1968

Lauts, Jan. Grünewald: Kreuztragung und Kreuzigung. Bildhefte der Staatlichen Kunsthalle Karlsruhe, no. 4. Karlsruhe, 1968: 33-34, color fig. 13.

1968

National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 55, repro.

1969

Behling, Lottlisa. Matthias Grünewald. Königstein im Taunus, 1969: 9-10, 31, color repro.

1969

Osten, Gert von der and Horst Vey. Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the Netherlands 1500 to 1600. Harmondsworth, 1969: 94.

1970

Cooke, Hereward Lester. The National Gallery of Art in Washington. Munich and Ahrbeck/Hanover, 1970: 86-87, color fig. 40.

1970

Easton, Stewart C. The Western Heritage, From the Earliest Times to the Present. 3rd ed. New York, 1970: repro.

1970

Ruhmer, Eberhard. Grünewald Drawings. London, 1970: 12, 93, under no. 29.

1971

Daniel, Howard. Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting: Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical. New York, 1971: 67, repro.

1971

Lüdecke, Heinz. Grünewald. Maler und Werk series. Dresden, 1971: 5-6, 25, fig. 2.

1971

Talbot, Charles W., ed. Dürer in America: His Graphic Work. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1971: 136, under no. 35, fig. 36a.

1971

Walker, John. "The National Gallery of Art, Washington: The Founding Benefactors." The Connoisseur 178, no. 718 (December 1971): 239, repro.

1973

Finley, David Edward. A Standard of Excellence: Andrew W. Mellon Founds the National Gallery of Art at Washington. Washington, 1973: 86, 88, repro.

1973

Geissler, Heinrich and Bernhard Saran, et al. Mathis Gothart Nithart, Grünewald: Der Isenheimer Altar. Stuttgart, 1973: 23, 218-219.

1973

Troescher, Georg. "Die Entstehung des Hochaltars der Antoniter-Praeceptorei zu Isenheim." Giessener Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte 2 (1973): 84-89, fig. 19.

1974

Blum, Henri. "Le Problème des Signatures de Grünewald." In Grünewald et son oeuvre. Actes de la Table Ronde par le Centre Nat'l. de la Recherche, Strasbourg et Colmar, du 18-21 octobre 1974: 97, n. 11, 99-100, 101, fig. 11.

1974

Borries, Johann Eckart von. "Bemerkungen zu der Karlsruher Grünewald-Zeichnung." Grünewald et son oeuvre. In Actes de La Table Ronde par le Centre national de Recherche Scientif, Strasbourg et Colmar du 18-21 Oct. 1974. Strasbourg, 1974: 192-194, fig. 4.

1974

Glueck, Grace. "Cleveland Buys a Rare Painting." New York Times (September 17, 1974): 41.

1974

Ruhmer, Eberhard. "Grünewalds Ausstrahlung im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert." In Grünewald et son oeuvre. Actes de la Table Ronde par le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, à Strasbourg et Colmar, du 18-21 octobre 1974. Strasbourg, 1974: 182-184.

1974

Saran, Bernhard and Felix Schmeidler, "Grünewalds `Klein-Kruzifix' und die Sonnenfinsternis vom 1. Oktober 1502." Maltechnik, 80 (May 1974): 210-220, repro.

1974

Sterling, Charles. "Grünewald vers 1500-1505." Grünewald et son oeuvre. (Actes de la Table ronde organisée par le Centre national de la recherche scientifique à Strasbourg et Colmar, du 18 au 21 octobre 1974: 130, 142, 144.

1975

Cinotti, Mia, ed. The National Gallery of Art of Washington and Its Paintings. Great Galleries of the World. Edinburgh, 1975: unpaginated, no. 93, repro.

1975

European Paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1975: 166, repro.

1975

Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1975: 106, 144-145, no. 152, color repro.

1976

Bodino, Maristella and Franco De Poli. Grünewald. Milan, 1976: 34, repro., 92-93, repro.

1976

Huysmans, Joris-Karl. Grünewald. Translated from French by Robert Baldick. Oxford and New York, 1976: 14, pl. 7.

1976

Rieckenberg, Hans Jürgen. Matthias Grünewald. Herrsching, 1976: 10, 76, no. 9, pl. 12.

1977

Eisler, Colin. Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection: European Schools Excluding Italian. Oxford, 1977: 19-23, figs. 20, 21, color repro.

1977

Pope-Hennessy, John. "Completing the Account." Review of Colin Eisler, Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection, London 1977. Times Literary Supplement no. 3,927 (17 June 1977).

1977

Vetter, Ewald M. "Wer war Matthias Grünewald?" Pantheon 35 (1977): 189.

1979

Watson, Ross. The National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1979: 54-55, pl. 37.

1980

Diemer, Peter. "Wilhelm V. als Mäzen." Um Glauben und Reich. Kurfürst Maximilian I. Wittelsbach und Bayern. Exh. cat. Residenz. Munich, 1980: 2, pt 2:76, under no. 112.

1980

Goldberg, Gisela. "Zur Ausprägung der Dürer-Renaissance in München." Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden Kunst 31 (1980): 140, 160-161, note 139.

1980

Wold, Milo Arlington, et al. An Introdcution to Music and Art in the Western World. 6th ed. Dubuque, 1980: 125, color pl 11. (10th ed. Madison, 1996: 143, color pl. 29.)

1981

Winzinger, Franz. "Zu Dürers Kaiserbildnissen." Pantheon 39, no. 3 (Jul/Aug/Sep 1981): 206-207, fig. 6.

1982

Abrams, Richard I. and Warner A. Hutchinson. An Illustrated Life of Jesus, From the National Gallery of Art Collection. Nashville, 1982: 118-119, color repro.

1982

Alsop, Joseph. The Rare Art Traditions: The History of Art Collecting and Its Linked Phenomena Wherever These Have Appeared. Bollingen series 35, no. 27. New York, 1982: 75-76, fig. 22.

1982

Spivey, Robert A. and D. Moody Smith. Anatomy of the New Testament: A Guide to Its Structure and Meaning. New York, 1982: 81, repro.

1983

Lücking, Wolf. Mathis: Nachforschungen über Grünewald. Belrin, 1983: 148-151, figs. 92, 96.

1983

Wolff, Martha. German Art of the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, 1983: unpaginated, repro.

1984

Müller, Christian. Grünewalds Werke in Karlsruhe. Karlsruhe, 1984: 31, repro. 33.

1984

Scholl, Sharon. Death and the Humanities. London and Toronto, 1984: fig. 26.

1984

Steinkraus, Warren E. Philosophy of Art. Rev. ed. Oswego, 1984: 99, repro.

1984

Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 144-145, color repro.

1985

European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1985: 192, repro.

1985

Gregory, Clive, ed. "Grünewald." In The Great Artists: Their Lives, Works, and Inspiration. 96 vols. London 1985: 37:1163, repro.

1986

Mittler, Gene A. Art in Focus. Peoria, 1986: 55, 234-235, fig. 3.16, 13.9. (Rev. ed. New York, 2000: 408, fig. 18.11.)

1987

Asahi bijutsukan Arts Magazine no. 6 (1987?): repro.

1990

Grimm, Claus and Bernd Konrad. Die Fürstenberg Sammlungen Donaueschingen: Altdeutsche und schweizerische Malerei des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts. Munich, 1990: 252, under no. 73.

1991

Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1991: 256-257, no. 152, color repro. 257 (the painting was not in the exhibition).

1991

Kopper, Philip. America's National Gallery of Art: A Gift to the Nation. New York, 1991: 185, 187, color repro.

1992

Fiero, Gloria K. On the Threshold of Modernity: The Renaissance and the Reformation. The Humanistic Tradition 3. 1st ed. [7th ed. 2015] Dubuque, Iowa, 1992: 75, fig. 18.8.

1992

López-Ortiz, Américo Pablo, ed. "Nuestra portada." Alma Mariana 4, no. 2 (March-April 1992): cover, t.p., repro.

1992

National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1992: 66-67, color repro.

1993

Hand, John Oliver, with the assistance of Sally E. Mansfield. German Paintings of the Fifteenth through Seventeenth Centuries. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, 1993: 71-81, color repro. 75.

1993

"National Gallery of Art, Washington." La muse: Bulletin of the Tokyo Fuki Art Museum4, no. 27 (1993): 21, 26, repro.

1995

Fiero, Gloria K. On the Threshold of Modernity: The Renaissance and the Reformation. The Humanistic Tradition 3. 2nd ed. [7th ed. 2015] Madison, 1995: 80, fig. 18.8.

1995

Harris, Stephen L. The New Testament. A Student's Introduction. 2nd ed. Mountain View, 1995: 103, repro.

1995

Kunioki, Katsu. Hoppō Runesansu. Sekai bijutsu daizenshū. Seiyō hen = New History of World Art 14. Tokyo, 1995: 278, fig. 178.

1995

Löcher, Kurt. Review of German Paintings of the Fifteenth through Seventeenth Centuries, by John Oliver Hand with the assistance of Sally E. Mansfield. Kunstchronik 43 no. 1 (January 1995): 16.

1996

Lamm, Robert C. The Humanities in Western Culture: A Search for Human Values. 10th ed. 2 vols. Madison, 1996: 2:58, fig. 17.49.

1996

Woodard, Russell Main. Revelation--A Spiritual Study. Silver Spring, 1996: repro.

1997

Richler, Martha. National Gallery of Art, Washington: A World of Art. London, 1997: 55, color fig. 13 and 14.

1997

Weininger, Susan S. "Ivan Albright in Context." In Susan F. Rossen, ed., Ivan Albright. Exh. cat. Art Institute of Chicago, 1997: 60, fig. 9.

1998

Saltzman, Cynthia. Portrait of Dr. Gachet: The Story of a Van Gogh Masterpiece. New York, 1998: 192.

1998

Shefer, Elain. "Death." In Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography, edited by Helene E. Roberts. 2 vols. Chicago, 1998: 1:227, 231.

1998

Wheeler, Marion. Her Face: Images of the Virgin Mary in Art. Cobb, Calif., 1998: fig. 90 and detail.

1999

Busse, Jacques. "Grünewald, Mathias." In Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs dessinateurs et graveurs de tous les temps . . . (Bénézit). New ed. 14 vols. Paris, 1999: 6:500-501.

2004

Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 146-147, no. 113, color repro.

2005

Michelman, Dorothea S. "A German Treasure Trove: The National Gallery of Art." German Life (June/July 2005): 43.

2005

Sander, Jochen. Hans Holbein D.J. Tafelmaler in Basel 1515-1532. Munich, 2005: 143 nt. 61.

2006

Rosenberg, Pierre. Only in America: One Hundred Paintings in American Museums Unmatched in European Collections. Milan, 2006: 52-53, 231, 238, color fig.

2007

Gifford, E. Melanie Susanna P. Griswold, and Norma Uemura. "Matthias Grünewald's Small Crucifixion: Painting Practice and Personal Style." In La technique picturale de Grünewald et des ses contemporains, edited by Pantxika Béguerie-De Paepe and Michel Menu. Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France, Colloque international, 24-26 January 2006. Colmar, 2007: 73-80, color figs. 1-10d.

2007

Ravaud, Élisabeth and Elsa Lambert. "Les étapes d’élaboration du retable à travers l’imagerie scientifique." In Grünewald et le retable d'Issenheim: Regards sur un chef-d'oeuvre. Exh. cat. Musée d'Unterdenlinen 2007-2008, Colmar. Paris, 2007: 147, 242, color fig. 6. (The painting was not in the exhibition.)

2007

Reuter, Astrid, et al. Grünewald und seine Zeit. Exh. cat. Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe 2007-2008. Munich/Berlin, 2008: 15, 27, 216, 410, under no. 160, 412-413 under no. 261 fig. 160, color fig 161. (The painting was not in the exhibition.)

2007

Schubert, Michael. Der Isenheimer Altar: Geschichte, Deutung, Hintergrund. Stuttgart, 2007: 149, color repro.

2008

Roth, Michael et al. Matthias Grünewald: Zeichnungen und Gemälde. Exh. cat. Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 2008. Berlin, 2008: 219-220, fig. 1. (The painting was not in the exhibition.)

2009

Hubach, Hanns. "Grünewald, Mathias." In Allgemeines Künstler-Lexicon: Die bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker. 75+ vols. Munich and Leipzig, 1992- . Munich and Leipzig, 2009: 63:389, 395.

2009

Vetter, Ewald M. Grünewald: Die Altäre in Frankfurt, Isenheim, Aschaffenburg und ihre Ikonographie. Weissenhorn, 2009: 201.

2012

Martin, François-René. “Grünewald et son art.” In Martin, François-René, Michel Menu and Sylvie Ramond, Grünewald. Paris, 2012: 15, 35, 63, 73, 75, 76, 177, 240, 244, 252, 255, 267, 279, 311, color fig. 28.

2018

Bryda, Gregory C. "The Exuding Wood of the Cross at Isenheim." Art Bulletin 100, no. 2 (June 2018): 31, note 18.

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