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Alexandra Libby, Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., “Gerard ter Borch the Younger/The Suitor's Visit/c. 1658,” Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century, NGA Online Editions, https://purl.org/nga/collection/artobject/65 (accessed October 03, 2024).

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Overview

Dutch seventeenth-century artists drew their subject matter from all elements of society. The refinement of the wealthy burghers in the second half of the century was best captured by Gerard ter Borch the Younger. His exquisite painting technique, which consisted of delicate touches with the brush and the use of thin glazes to suggest transparencies, allowed him to create realistic textural effects, whether of lace, satin, or the pile of an oriental tablecloth. His pictures’ calm moods and brilliant renditions of fabrics set a precedent for later painters such as Johannes Vermeer (1632–1675) and Gabriel Metsu (1629–1667).

In this painting, an elegant gentleman bows gracefully as he enters the room. A young woman wearing a beautiful satin dress with an orange-red jacket stands to greet him while another woman plays a theorbo, a type of lute, at the table. Behind them a man warms his hands at the fireplace. The clothes, instruments, imposing mantelpiece, and gilded wallpaper all attest to the prosperity of the people. Ter Borch focused on the psychological interaction between the suitor and the standing woman, who communicate through glances and gestures.

Contemporary viewers would have greatly admired Ter Borch’s remarkable ability to render satins in The Suitor’s Visit, but they would also have been intrigued by the painting's subject matter. Does this scene depict an innocent social call, or does the graceful lady answering the door invite her suitor in for a sexual encounter? The answer is not easy to discern because the artist delighted in capturing the ambivalence of human relationships through his carefully considered renderings of gazes and gesture.

Entry

The encounter taking place at the doorway of this elegant, high-ceilinged room, decorated with gilded leather wall covering, seems the height of gentility.[1] A debonair young man, hat in hand, bows slightly as he responds to the alluring gaze of the young woman who has come forward to greet him. She apparently has just risen from her green velvet seat where she had been playing a duet with the woman strumming a theorbo; the former's music book and bass viol can be seen lying on the table. Behind the women stands a man who, in the dimness of the interior light, warms himself before the hearth as he turns to peer at the visitor.

Ter Borch drew upon his surroundings in Deventer for creating a sense of immediacy in his compositions. The objects in this work, including the carpet on the table, the chair, the theorbo, the hearth, and the leather wall covering, were ones he knew well, as they reappear in different contexts in a number of other paintings from the mid-1650s.[2] The model for the suitor was his student Caspar Netscher (Dutch, 1639 - 1684), who also features in other of Ter Borch’s paintings from the mid-to-late 1650s.[3] Indeed, Netscher made a copy of this painting before he set sail for Rome in 1659, a date that establishes a terminus post quem for this work.[4] Finally, the elegant standing woman, resplendent in her red top and white satin dress, is almost certainly Gesina ter Borch (1631–1690), the artist’s beloved half-sister.[fig. 1] Not only did she frequently serve as a model for the artist,[5] but her ideas seem to have had a profound effect on the type and character of the subjects Ter Borch chose to depict during this phase of his career.[6]

By the mid-1650s Gesina had embarked on her own artistic and literary career with her poetry album, which is filled with arcadian images of love’s pleasures and disappointments.[7] Gesina’s poetry and pictorial images in this and other albums belong to that important Dutch literary genre, largely influenced by Petrarchan ideals, that both celebrates the delights of love and warns against the dangers of becoming ensnared in ill-advised attachments.[8] In this respect she followed in the path of her father, who, aside from his topographic drawings, was also a poet and who, in the 1620s, helped illustrate an amorous songbook with images of lovers cavorting in the grass.

It is against this background of family interest in art, music, and emblematic literature about love and its complexities that one must consider the nature of the narrative that unfolds in The Suitor’s Visit. Under the veneer of gentility is a scene that is alive with sexual innuendo. The gazes of the couple at the door are at once enticing and yearning, a private communication that does not go unnoticed by the gentleman standing before the hearth. More explicitly sexual, however, is the nature of their gestures. The young woman clasps her hands in a manner that could be construed as an invitation for intercourse, as the thumb of her right hand protrudes between the index finger and second finger of her other hand in a most unconventional, and expressive, manner. His gesture in response appears to be an assent, for as he bows he forms a circle between the thumb and index finger of his left hand.

Ter Borch does not spell out the outcome of the woman’s ploy—for her central position in the composition and the dog’s inquisitive gaze clearly indicate she is the initiator of the intrigue. Undoubtedly, however, Ter Borch’s circle of acquaintances would have recognized that his composition had remarkable parallels with an image found in Jan Hermanszoon Krul’s influential Eerlycke Tytkorting (Honorable Pastimes), published in Haarlem in 1634, which contains emblems devoted to the delights and travails of love.[9] The related print [fig. 2] accompanies an emblem entitled “De Overdaed en Doet Geen Baet” (roughly, "The Excess That Brings No Profit"). The thrust of the emblem is a warning that encouragement by a woman is not always to be trusted. Whereas a suitor might feel that love and commitment would follow, all too often the lover is rejected and then belittled. Krul writes of the lover’s lament: “If you never intend to have me, why so much courtship? / It would honor you best to send me straight away.”[10] The similarities between the painting and the print seem to imply that the outcome of this match will likewise be disappointment. Finally, not unrelated to the painting’s mood are the colors of the woman’s dress. In the list of color symbols Gesina compiled in her poetry album around 1659, white is equated with purity and carnation with revenge or cruelty.[11]

In keeping with the sumptuous details of his subject, Ter Borch incorporated costly ultramarine pigment into the Washington painting in unexpected ways. Not only did he use it to compose the brilliant blue bodice of the female musician seated at the table, he even used it as an underpaint that, together with a layer of green glaze, creates the deep green color of the velvet seat cushion. The blue portions of the patterned rug draped over the table were probably also intended to appear as a green midtone, but the unstable yellow-lake pigment Ter Borch mixed with the ultramarine in those passages has since faded.[12] As Gifford and Glinsman have discussed, such an incremental color shift from the deep green velvet in the foreground to the bright blue lute player would have helped articulate a sense of spatial regression in the scene.[13]

The sophistication of Ter Borch's touch is matched only by the subtlety of his narrative and the gracefulness of his figures. His white satins were celebrated in poetry and emulated by his peers, though no artist could convey as effectively as he the shimmering surface of this costly fabric. Ter Borch painted deep shadows with translucent yellow and gray, and added contrast with pure white highlights. His brushstrokes vary from smooth planes to angular folds and he has softened the transitions with a dry blending brush.[14] Such a subtle effect is also felt in the nuanced psychological interactions he created amongst his figures. Ter Borch’s effectiveness in depicting human emotion and a sense of inner life in such genre scenes may stem from his experiences as a portrait painter. Even the poses he used in these works are occasionally similar. For example, the manner in which the suitor holds his wide-brimmed hat is derived from a portrait the artist created in 1656.[15]

Original entry by Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., April 24, 2014.

Revised by Alexandra Libby to incorporate information from a new technical examination.

December 9, 2019

Provenance

Charles-Auguste-Louis-Joseph, duc de Morny [1811-1865], Paris; (his estate sale, at the Palais de la Présidence du Corps Législatif, Paris, 31 May-12 June 1865, no. 82); Josè Salamanca y Mayol [Marquès de Salamanca, d. 1866], Madrid; (sale, at his residence by Charles Pillet, Paris, 3-6 June 1867, no. 126); Baron Adolphe de Rothschild [1823-1900], Paris; by inheritance to his first cousin once-removed, Baron Maurice de Rothschild [1881-1957], Paris; (Duveen Brothers, Inc., London, New York, and Paris); sold July 1922 to Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C.; deeded 28 December 1934 to The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, Pittsburgh; gift 1937 to NGA.



Exhibition History

1939
Masterpieces of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture from 1300-1800, New York World's Fair, 1939, no. 369.
2004
Gerard ter Borch, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Detroit Institute of Arts, 2004-2005, no. 30, repro.
2005
Sparkling Satin - The Best of Gerard ter Borch, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, 2005, no catalogue.
2017
Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting: Inspiration and Rivalry, Musée du Louvre, Paris; National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin; National Gallery of Art, Washington, 2017-2018, no. 8.2, repro.

Technical Summary

The tightly woven, plain-weave fabric support, composed of fine irregularly spun threads, was lined with the tacking margins trimmed. Broad cusping is visible along the left and right edges. Broad arcs visible in the x-radiograph suggest that the tan ground might have been applied with a curved knife.

Ter Borch probably laid out the composition with a brown-black painted sketch. He worked up the design with a freely brushed underpaint, but in a characteristic additional step, he later revised some areas by resketching alternative details onto the completed underpaint.[1] In applying his subtle final paint, he worked wet into wet, often with a stippled touch or feathered edges. In the white satin, he painted deep shadows with translucent yellow and gray contrasted with pure white highlights; his brushwork varied from smooth planes to angular folds, the transitions softened with a dry blending brush.[2] Pigment analysis using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopic examination was performed during research for the 2017 exhibition Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting.[3] The use of ultramarine blue was identified throughout the composition, in both upper paint layers as well as in underpainting. Yellow lake was also identified, though this pigment has faded. Probably some blue areas, such as parts of the patterned carpet draped over the table, once appeared green (see Entry).

In changes during the final painting stage, Ter Borch introduced further elegant details, replacing the suitor’s original, more sober costume with extravagantly puffed sleeves and a doffed hat. Although the background has probably darkened over time, the painting is in excellent condition, with small abraded losses confined to the thinly applied darks. The painting was treated in 2003–2004, at which time discolored varnish and old inpainting were removed.

Dina Anchin, based on examination and treatment notes by Carol Christenson and examination notes by Cathy Metzger.

December 9, 2019

Bibliography

1863
Lagrange, Léon. "La Galerie de M. Le Duc De Morny." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 14 (April 1863): 289-306, 571, repro.
1937
Jewell, Edward Alden. "Mellon's Gift." Magazine of Art 30, no. 2 (February 1937): 82.
1939
McCall, George Henry. Masterpieces of art: Catalogue of European paintings and sculpture from 1300-1800. Edited by Wilhelm R. Valentiner. Exh. cat. New York World's Fair, New York, 1939: no. 369.
1941
Duveen Brothers. Duveen Pictures in Public Collections of America. New York, 1941: no. 208, repro.
1941
Preliminary Catalogue of Paintings and Sculpture. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1941: 191, no. 58.
1942
National Gallery of Art. Book of illustrations. 2nd ed. Washington, 1942: 58, repro. 32, 240.
1944
Plietzsch, Eduard. Gerard ter Borch. Vienna, 1944: 21, 47, no. 57, repro.
1948
Gudlaugsson, Sturla J. "De datering van de schilderijen van Gerard Ter Borch." Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 2 (1948–1949): 235, 263.
1949
L. J. Roggeveen. "De National Gallery of Art te Washington." Phoenix 4, no. 12 (December 1949): 339, repro.
1949
National Gallery of Art. Paintings and Sculpture from the Mellon Collection. Washington, 1949 (reprinted 1953 and 1958): 91, repro.
1952
Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds., Great Paintings from the National Gallery of Art. New York, 1952: 106-107, color repro.
1959
Gudlaugsson, Sturla J. Geraert ter Borch. 2 vols. The Hague, 1959-1960: 1(1959):116-119, repro. 119, 296; 2(1960):147-148, no. 139.
1960
Baird, Thomas P. Dutch Painting in the National Gallery of Art. Ten Schools of Painting in the National Gallery of Art 7. Washington, 1960: 32, color repro.
1960
The National Gallery of Art and Its Collections. Foreword by Perry B. Cott and notes by Otto Stelzer. National Gallery of Art, Washington (undated, 1960s): 25.
1962
Grinten, Evert F. van der. "Le cachalot et le mannequin: deux facettes de la réalité dans l’art hollandais du seizième et du dix-septième siècles." Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 13 (1962): 168, fig. 20.
1963
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. New York, 1963 (reprinted 1964 in French, German, and Spanish): 190, repro.
1965
Haverkamp-Begemann, Egbert. "Terborch's Lady at Her Toilet." Art News 64 (December 1965): 38-41, 62-63, fig. 8.
1965
National Gallery of Art. Summary Catalogue of European Paintings and Sculpture. Washington, 1965: 126.
1966
Cairns, Huntington, and John Walker, eds. A Pageant of Painting from the National Gallery of Art. 2 vols. New York, 1966: 1: 250, color repro. 1968.
1968
Gandolfo, Giampaolo et al. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Great Museums of the World. New York, 1968: 141, color repro.
1968
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings and Sculpture, Illustrations. Washington, 1968: 113, repro.
1974
Langemeyer, Gerhard. Gerard ter Borch: Zwolle 1617, Deventer 1681. Exh. cat. Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Münster. The Hague, 1974: 37.
1974
Robinson, Franklin W. Gabriel Metsu (1629-1667): A Study of His Place in Dutch Genre Painting of the Golden Age. New York, 1974: 53-54.
1975
National Gallery of Art. European paintings: An Illustrated Summary Catalogue. Washington, 1975: 336, repro.
1975
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1975: 284, color repro.
1979
Watson, Ross. The National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1979: 81, pl. 67.
1984
Walker, John. National Gallery of Art, Washington. Rev. ed. New York, 1984: 284, no. 371, color repro.
1984
Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. Dutch Painting in the National Gallery of Art. Washington, D.C., 1984: 30-31, color repro.
1985
National Gallery of Art. European Paintings: An Illustrated Catalogue. Washington, 1985: 387, repro.
1985
Rumsey, Thomas R. Men and women in revolution and war, 1600-1815. Wellesley Hills, MA, 1985: 57, repro.
1986
Ford, Terrence, compiler and ed. Inventory of Music Iconography, no. 1. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York 1986: 6, no. 130.
1986
Mittler, Gene A. Art in Focus. Peoria, 1986: 26, fig. 2.14.
1987
Smith, David R. "Irony and Civility: Notes on the Convergence of Genre and Portraiture in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Painting." Art Bulletin 69 (September 1987): 423-424, repro.
1991
Roodenburg, Herman. "The ‘hand of friendship’: shaking hands and other gestures in the Dutch Republic" in A Cultural History of Gesture From Antiquity to the Present Day. (Cambridge, 1991). Edited by Jan Bremmer and Herman Roodenburg. Ithaca, 1992: 152-189, fig. 7.1.
1991
Ydema, Onno. Carpets and Their Datings in Netherlandish Paintings, 1540-1700. Zutphen, 1991: 188, no. 860.
1992
Fiero, Gloria K. The Age of the Baroque and the European Enlightenment. The Humanist Tradition 4. 1st ed. [7th ed. 2015] Dubuque, Iowa, 1992: 47, fig. 22.7.
1992
National Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Art, Washington. New York, 1992: 133, repro.
1993
Kettering, Alison McNeil. "Ter Borch’s Ladies in Satin." Art History 16 (March 1993): 97, repro.
1993
Weyl, Martin, and Rivka Weiss-Blok, eds. Painting the Bible in Rembrandt's Holland. Exh. cat. Israel Museum, Jerusalem; Joods Historisch Museum, Amsterdam. Jerusalem, 1993: xv, 64, no. 58.
1995
Fiero, Gloria K. The Age of the Baroque and the European Enlightenment. The Humanistic Tradition 4. 2nd ed. [7th ed. 2015] Madison, 1995: 47, fig. 22.7.
1995
Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York, 1995: 795, fig. 19-55.
1995
Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century. The Collections of the National Gallery of Art Systematic Catalogue. Washington, 1995: 26-28, color repro. 29.
1997
Kettering, Alison McNeil. "Ter Borch's Ladies in Satin" in Looking at seventeenth-century Dutch art: realism reconsidered. Edited by Wayne E. Franits. Cambridge, 1997: 98, 100, fig. 62.
1998
Roberts, Helene E., ed. Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art. 2 vols. Chicago, 1998: 2:561.
1998
Witthoft, Brucia. "Marriage/Bethrothal." In Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art, edited by Helene E. Roberts. 2 vols. Chicago, 1998: 2:561.
1999
Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. 2 vols. Revised ed. New York, 1999: 2:794-795, fig. 19-52.
2001
Westermann, Mariët, et al. Art & Home: Dutch Interiors in the Age of Rembrandt. Exh. cat. Denver Art Museum; Newark Museum. Zwolle, 2001: 147.
2003
Bailey, Colin B., Philip Conisbee, and Thomas W. Gaehtgens. The age of Watteau, Chardin, and Fragonard: masterpieces of French genre painting. Edited by Colin B. Bailey. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa; National Gallery of Art, Washington; Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museum zu Berlin. New Haven, 2003: 296, fig. 138.
2004
Franits, Wayne E. Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting. Its Stylistic and Thematic Evolution. New Haven and London, 2004: 100-101, fig. 89.
2004
Hand, John Oliver. National Gallery of Art: Master Paintings from the Collection. Washington and New York, 2004: 203, no. 161, color repro.
2004
Keyes, George S., et al. Masters of Dutch Painting: The Detroit Institute of Arts. London, 2004: 32, fig. 2.
2004
Waiboer, Adriaan, and Mary Davis. Gerard ter Borch. Exhibition brochure. National Gallery of Art, Washington, 2004: unpaginated, repro.
2004
Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. Gerard ter Borch. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington; Detroit Institute of Arts. New Haven, 2004: 13-14, 15, fig. 11, 123-125, no. 30, repro.
2005
Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. Rev. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, 2005: 777, fig. 19-65.
2005
Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. "Colour Symbolism in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Painting" in The Learned Eye: Regarding art, theory, and the artist's reputation: Essays for Ernst van de Wetering. Edited by Marieke van den Doel, et al. Amsterdam, 2005: 105, 107, fig. 3.
2011
Gustin Gomez, Clémentine. L’avènement du plaisir dans la peinture française, de Le Brun à Watteau. Dijon, 2011: 276, color repro.
2017
Ho, Angela K. Creating Distinctions in Dutch Genre Painting: Repetition and Invention. Amsterdam, 2017: 23, 102, color plate 3, cover.
2020
Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. Clouds, ice, and Bounty: The Lee and Juliet Folger Collection of Seventeenth-Century Dutch and Flemish Paintings. Exh. cat. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 2020: 22, fig. 6., 23.

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Related Terms

31A255
postures and gestures of hands and fingers
33C21
courting
34B11
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fashion and clothing +aristocracy
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music
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high life
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