10 facts about a famous but mysterious artist
Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer has long remained a mystery. Vermeer is renowned for his singular ability to capture light and create serene, intimate moods in his paintings. But we are missing many details about the artist’s life, training, and craft. Still, what we do know helps us understand Vermeer and his extraordinary works.
He wasn’t always famous.
![The Little Street, Johannes Vermeer](/content/dam/ngaweb/stories/who-is-vermeer/delft-haas.jpg)
Johannes Vermeer, View of Houses in Delft, Known as The Little Street, c. 1658, oil on canvas, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Gift of H.W.A. Deterding, London, inv. A2860
In his lifetime, Vermeer was not well known outside of his hometown, the walled city of Delft.
He only achieved widespread fame for his intimate genre scenes—paintings that depict ordinary people and everyday life—and quiet cityscapes in the late 19th century, several hundred years after his death. Now there are people who make visiting every known Vermeer painting in the world one of their life goals.
His father was a silk weaver and art dealer.
![Shown from about the knees up, a pale, smooth-skinned woman in a fur-lined yellow jacket looks out at us as she sits writing at a table in this vertical painting. The woman’s body faces the table to our left. She turns her head to gaze at us from the corners of her dark gray eyes under faint brows. She has a wide nose, and her pale lips are closed. Her light brown hair is pulled back and held in place with white bows, and gleaming teardrop-shaped pearl earrings dangle from her ears. Her lemon-yellow jacket is trimmed with ermine fur, which is white with black speckles, at the cuffs and down the front opening. A full, elephant-gray skirt falls to the floor beneath the jacket. Both hands rest on the table, and she holds a quill in her right hand, farther from us, on a piece of paper. She leans forward in her wooden chair. The back panel of the chair is covered in black fabric and lined with brass studs. Two gilded finials, carved into lions’ heads, face the woman’s back with mouths open. The table is covered with a celestial-blue cloth crumpled near the left edge of the canvas. On the table are a strand of pearls, a pale yellow ribbon, and a black box with three brown panels studded with pearls around silver keyholes. Two pewter gray vessels are visible just beyond it, in front of a second chair, which faces us. On the putty-gray wall behind the woman, a framed painting hangs in the upper left quadrant of the composition. The painting-within-the painting is done in muted tones of brown and shows a cello and other unidentifiable objects.](https://media.nga.gov/iiif/ea55879e-57f1-494d-9043-6dedb384bdc8/full/!588,588/0/default.jpg)
Johannes Vermeer, A Lady Writing, c. 1665, oil on canvas, Gift of Harry Waldron Havemeyer and Horace Havemeyer, Jr., in memory of their father, Horace Havemeyer, 1962.10.1
Reynier Vermeer produced caffa, a fine satin fabric.
This may be why we see so many fine fabrics in his son’s paintings. Reynier also became an art dealer the year before Johannes was born.
When Reynier Vermeer died in 1652, Johannes inherited his business. Following in his father’s footsteps, he too became an art dealer, as well as an artist.
We don’t know much about Vermeer’s artistic training or influences.
![A smiling young child holds the latch of an open wooden door as she looks toward a woman to our right in this almost square painting. The woman and child both have pale skin and stand in a bedroom. To our left, the child is the same height as the door handle, and she faces us. Her blond, upswept hair is backlit, and light falls on her from windows to our left. She turns to look at the woman with dark eyes, a slight smile on her pink lips. She wears a garment with a mauve-gray bodice and sleeves, a sage-green apron over a honey-yellow, ankle-length skirt, and dark shoes. She holds the ring of the door latch with her right hand, to our left, and holds a ball by her side in her other hand. The room has white walls with thick wood beams above, wood molding around the door and window, and a clay-red tiled floor. On the wall to either side of the girl and about the same height as she is, white tiles painted with scenes in azure blue line the walls. Wooden chairs to either side of the door have lion-shaped finials and a diamond pattern on the cloth-covered backs. A landscape painting in a black frame hangs over the door, and a wood table covered with a red cloth, holding a ceramic jug, sits to our left, along the wall coming toward us. The rightmost third of the composition is spanned by a bed set within a ceiling-high, cabinet-like enclosure. The woman stands in front of the bed, her body facing our left in profile. A white kerchief covers her hair and is tied under her chin. She wears a red shirt with white at the chest and cuffs, which are rolled back. A marine-blue skirt falls to her ankles. She holds a brown cloth in front of her, and another cloth is draped over a chair. A gleaming, squat, brown jug sits on floor nearby. A forest-green curtain lines the squared opening to the bed, and another green curtain is pulled to one side of a window next to the open door. Through the door and window, we see a second door across a shallow entryway, which leads outside. Both halves of the outer, Dutch door are open, though the top half swings in a little more than the bottom half. The space beyond has a fence or trellis, green plants, and the edge of a red roof.](https://media.nga.gov/iiif/b75ae2ae-7836-4a96-8863-9f2e1e4eea21/full/!588,588/0/default.jpg)
Pieter de Hooch, The Bedroom, 1658/1660, oil on canvas, Widener Collection, 1942.9.33
He probably trained in Delft, perhaps with Leonard Bramer, a Dutch painter who seems to have known Vermeer’s family, or with Carel Fabritius.
He may have studied elsewhere in the Netherlands, possibly in Utrecht or Amsterdam.
We also know little about Vermeer’s relationships with other painters of his day. He apparently knew Gerard ter Borch the Younger, another 17th-century Dutch painter known primarily for genre scenes. Painter Pieter de Hooch may also have influenced Vermeer’s work: he too painted such scenes in Delft during the 1650s.
Vermeer was raised a Protestant, then converted to Catholicism.
![Allegory of the Catholic Faith, Johannes Vermeer (Dutch, Delft 1632–1675 Delft), Oil on canvas](/content/dam/ngaweb/stories/who-is-vermeer/vermeer-allegory-catholic-faith.jpg)
Johannes Vermeer, Allegory of the Catholic Faith, c. 1670–1672, oil on canvas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Friedsam Collection, Bequest of Michael Friedsam, 1931, 32.100.18
Vermeer seems to have converted shortly before marrying, perhaps to satisfy his future mother-in-law, Maria Thins.
After his marriage, Vermeer lived in her house near one of the two hidden churches where Catholics could worship. Like other Dutch Catholics, they were forced to practice their faith in secrecy after the Protestant Revolt.
1653 was a big year for the painter.
![Young Woman with a Lute, Johannes Vermeer (Dutch, Delft 1632–1675 Delft), Oil on canvas](/content/dam/ngaweb/stories/who-is-vermeer/vermeer-young-woman-lute.jpg)
Johannes Vermeer, Young Woman with a Lute, c. 1662–1663, oil on canvas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Bequest of Collis P. Huntington, 1900, 25.110.24
Vermeer married Catharina Bolnes in 1653.
In December of that year, he also joined Saint Luke’s Guild, a professional trade organization for artists and artisans. He would serve as the head of that guild four times in the 1660s and ’70s.
His subjects evolved.
![A Maid Asleep, Johannes Vermeer (Dutch, Delft 1632–1675 Delft), Oil on canvas](/content/dam/ngaweb/stories/who-is-vermeer/vermeer-maid-asleep.jpg)
Johannes Vermeer, A Maid Asleep, c. 1656–1657, oil on canvas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Bequest of Benjamin Altman, 1913, 14.40.611
At first Vermeer specialized in history painting, and his early works were large-scale mythological and religious paintings.
In the mid-1650s, he began to paint the genre scenes, cityscapes, and allegories we know him for today. Even though Vermeer’s subject matter changed, he continued to imbue his works with the quiet, intimate moods of his early paintings.
We now think Vermeer had a studio.
![Shown from the waist up, a young woman sits on the other side of the edge of a table, leaning toward us on one elbow in this vertical painting. She looks at us with dark brown eyes under faint, arched brows. She has pale skin with flushed cheeks, a long, rounded nose, and her ruby-red lips are parted. Her brown hair is tucked into a wide, conical hat with gray, pale yellow, and ash-brown vertical stripes. Light falls across her face from our right, so the hat casts a shadow over her eyes and on the far cheek, to our left. Light glints off of two teardrop-shaped pearl earrings. Her muted blue bodice has a few touches of topaz and sky blue create a brocade-like floral pattern. The bodice is trimmed with a wide band of white fur down the front and around the cuffs, which come down just beyond her elbows. A white kerchief tucked into the bodice covers her shoulders. She leans onto her left forearm, to our right, and that arm is close and parallel to the bottom edge of the composition. In that hand she holds a golden flute like a pencil, and her other hand rests against the edge of the table. She leans to our right so we can see the gold lion's head finial at the top of her wooden chair. The area behind her is painted with patches of harvest yellow, fawn brown, muted brick red, and parchment white to create a loosely patterned drapery that fills the background.](https://media.nga.gov/iiif/1829584c-abf5-4c25-9977-8d13687a7406/full/!588,588/0/default.jpg)
Studio of Vermeer, Girl with a Flute, c. 1669/1675, oil on panel, Widener Collection, 1942.9.98
For a long time, we suspected that Vermeer was a lone genius.
But recent evidence suggests he may have been a mentor to pupils and studio assistants. Some of the paintings previously attributed to Vermeer himself, such as Girl with a Flute, may actually be the work of an apprentice or other member of his studio.
Vermeer was more spontaneous than we thought.
![In this vertical painting, a woman stands near the corner of a dimly lit room, facing our left in profile and looking down at a balance she holds suspended in her right hand over a wooden table. She wears a peacock-blue velvet jacket with a white hood and fur lining, and a voluminous, mustard-yellow skirt. A window near the upper left corner is partially covered by a canary-yellow curtain. Light coming in through that window falls on the pale skin of the woman's face and hands, and highlights the white trim of her garment. Her left hand, closer to us, rests on the edge of the table near two open boxes, and a blue cloth is bunched at the back of the table to our left. Gold chains and pearl strands drape over the edge of one box. The woman stands in front of a framed painting. Much of the detail is lost in shadow but at the top center of the painting, a person surrounded by a golden halo floats in the sky with both arms raised, and is flanked by people encased within a bank of clouds. Nude people on the ground below in the painting, seen to either side of the woman, writhe, twist, and point upward.](https://media.nga.gov/iiif/c948cf32-e6c7-41a0-a053-0ad0562960c4/full/!588,588/0/default.jpg)
Johannes Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance, c. 1664, oil on canvas, Widener Collection, 1942.9.97
Thanks to the polished, controlled paintings we see, we often think of Vermeer as a perfectionist.
But chemical imaging has given us a glimpse of an impetuous, even impatient artist.
Vermeer sometimes began with a painted sketch, then quickly added a bold underlayer to plot out forms, colors, and light. He even used a material containing copper to help speed the drying of black pigment—so he could move more quickly to the painting’s final stages.
Vermeer died in debt.
![Young Woman with a Water Pitcher, Johannes Vermeer (Dutch, Delft 1632–1675 Delft), Oil on canvas](/content/dam/ngaweb/stories/who-is-vermeer/vermeer-young-woman-water-pitcher.jpg)
Johannes Vermeer, Young Woman with a Water Pitcher, c. 1662, oil on canvas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Marquand Collection, Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1889, 89.15.21
Although he was a respected artist his entire life, he was heavily in debt when he died in 1675.
He was survived by his wife and 11 children, 10 of whom were minors. His wife petitioned for bankruptcy the following year.
His was a rare but remarkable output.
![Shown from the elbows up, a young person with pale skin and brown hair wearing a wide, scarlet-red hat sits in front of a tapestry in this vertical portrait painting. She sits with her body facing our right in profile but she turns her face to look at or toward us with dark eyes. She has a rounded nose, rather flat cheeks, and a sliver of teeth is visible through parted coral-pink lips. The wide brim of the red hat seems to be made of a soft, almost feathery material, and it casts a shadow across her face. She wears a high-collared white garment that catches the light, a royal-blue, possibly velvet, robe or overcoat, and large, teardrop pearl earrings. Her arm runs along the bottom edge of the panel in front of two carved, wooden lion finials that could be the arm or back of the chair. The tapestry behind her is painted in tones of pale caramel brown and pine green. The painting has a soft, hazy look, and light glints with bright white specks off the pearl earrings, the tip of her nose, her lips, and the lion finials.](https://media.nga.gov/iiif/b705a403-3496-42e8-abf5-a37e34c32198/full/!588,588/0/default.jpg)
Johannes Vermeer, Girl with the Red Hat, c. 1669, oil on panel, Andrew W. Mellon Collection, 1937.1.53
Today, there are only about 35 paintings in the world attributed to Vermeer.
The National Gallery has three of them: A Lady Writing, Girl with the Red Hat, and Woman Holding a Balance, plus one attributed to his studio.
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